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Chemistry and Chemists № 1 2026 Journal of Chemists-Enthusiasts |
Electrospinning - pt.1, 2 Chemist |
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My Introduction to Electrospinning - Part 1
Many years ago, two colleagues told me about their experience with electrospinning. One was a physicist, the other a chemist. They succeeded in producing polyvinylene difluoride (PVDF) fibers from a dimethylformamide (DMF) solution by using an old computer monitor as a transformer.
Электроспиннинг Мое знакомство с электроспиннингом - Часть 1 In English, the word "spinning" conjures up images of the spinning process and of a spindle, but in Ukrainian, these words are pronounced differently. However, in our language, the word "spinning" refers to a type of fishing rod. I used to love fishing, so I remembered my colleagues' story. Unfortunately, they abandoned the work before it reached its logical conclusion. After many years, the idea arose to continue their work. It was interesting, but I was hesitant to pursue it, as it was a different field of science. I am a chemist, and electrospinning is almost pure physics. After some thought, I decided to take up electrospinning because I need scientific publications for my reports. This is a long story, and most importantly, it's far from complete, so I'll try to describe it all in order. First, I'll briefly outline the method.
Since a high voltage is applied to the liquid, like charges repel each other, trying to expand the droplet as much as possible. At the same time, the surface tension force acts in the opposite direction, trying to compress the droplet, reducing its surface area as much as possible. The two forces compete. Without the counter electrode, the droplet would simply expand as a result of the applied electric potential. However, a few centimeters (or tens of centimeters) away from the droplet is a negative electrode, usually a metal plate or a rotating drum. The positive charges in the droplet are attracted to the negative electrode, drawing the liquid along with them in a cone-shaped formation known as a Taylor cone. This causes a thin stream of solution to shoot toward the negative electrode. The stream lengthens and thins as it travels due to electrostatic repulsion, performing whip-like movements and gradually dries. This forms a solid polymer fiber, which is attracted to and adheres to the opposite electrode (the collector). Depending on the process conditions, nano- or microfibers are formed. The fibers combine into a fabric-like structure. A non-woven fibrous material forms on the electrode, which has potential for a wide variety of applications, from medicine and pharmacology to filtration, cosmetics, and clothing. For successful electrospinning, the polymer solution must have sufficient viscosity; otherwise, the stream may disintegrate into individual droplets. Electrospinning is replaced by electrospraying (formation of an aerosol under the influence of an electric field). However, the viscosity of the polymer solution must not be too high, otherwise the electrostatic force will not be able to draw a jet out from the droplet. Electrospinning doesn't require the use of a syringe needle or any needle at all: there are other variations. For example, a metal roller in a bath of polymer solution can serve instead of a needle. Two needles can be positioned coaxially, each delivering a different polymer solution simultaneously. A polymer suspension or melt can be used instead of a solution. However, these variations don't change the essence of the method. What did we have on hand? An old computer monitor with a cathode ray tube and two electrodes connected to its transformer. We also had several laboratory stands, a syringe pump, aluminum foil, plastic sheets, two bottles of DMF (solvent), and a small jar of PVDF. Of course, laboratory electrospinning setups are readily available, and you can even buy an industrial setup, but our institute hasn't purchased new equipment for many years. Therefore, everything will have to be made by ourselves, using items and materials that we have on hand or can buy ourselves. One of my colleagues was completely demotivated to work as a scientist. The other retained his desire to pursue science, but was overwhelmed with paperwork and then fell ill, putting him out of action for a long time. As a result, I conducted trial experiments with the first colleague only, after which I had to work on my own. The first colleague obtained some necessary things for the experiment, while the second colleague gave me advice over the phone. I hope the second colleague will get well soon, and the first will change his mind and rejoin the work. |
Electrospinning |
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