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Electrospinning - pt.3, 4 Chemist |
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Electrospinning: Solution of PVDF in DMF (Continued) - Part 3
The next day, I began the experiment on my own. I prepared a 20% PVDF solution in DMF and then a 25% solution. The latter proved to be too viscous. I struggled to draw it into the syringe, attached the tube, and tried to expel the air in order to fill the tube with solution. Because of the excessive pressure, the tube flew out of the syringe, spraying my trousers and sneakers with a glue-like polymer solution.
Электроспиннинг: раствор PVDF в DMF (продолжение) - Часть 3 It also turned out that the plastic hub of the needle had partially dissolved in DMF during the previous experiment. Strictly speaking, it was not a syringe needle but a cannula needle. I had to replace it with a standard syringe needle, which I secured to the end of the tube with tape. I then filled the syringe with the less viscous 20% solution and again squeezed the air out of the tube. Soon afterward, the needle clogged. Apparently, polymer solution had remained in the tube after the previous experiment, dried, and formed viscous clumps. Last time we had rinsed the tube after finishing the work, but clearly it had not been cleaned thoroughly enough. I disassembled everything and carefully cleaned, washed, and rinsed both the needle and the tube. I reassembled the setup as before, started the process, and obtained the same result: no fibers formed. When my colleague came over, it turned out that I had unknowingly set the solution flow rate to the maximum. Such a high flow rate could indeed have caused the failure. However, reducing the flow rate to the lowest possible value did not help either. At this point, I decided that since electrospinning itself was not working, the setup needed to be redesigned. This would not solve the fundamental problem, but it would make the work more convenient. Unlike my two colleagues, I planned to experiment not only with polyvinylidene difluoride but also with other polymers. The most important change was to secure the needle directly on the syringe nozzle, without using an intermediate tube. The tube could easily come loose or become clogged with hardened polymer. To keep the syringe pump away from the high-voltage needle, the syringe itself therefore had to be positioned outside the pump. I initially planned to use a wooden plank for this purpose, but the colleague brought a length of plastic water pipe instead. The pipe, though not without difficulty, fit into the pump holder. Inside it, we placed a plunger from a larger syringe and a plastic rod, which transmitted the mechanical force from the pump to the plunger of the syringe containing the polymer solution. This raised a new question: how could the syringe be fixed at the opposite end of the pipe? It had to be held securely and positioned precisely, yet still be easy to remove after use. My colleague soon lost interest in the work and left, but he did leave behind a plastic pastry syringe with a set of tips. Such syringes are normally used for applying cream to cakes. The tips were attached to the syringe by a union nut. The diameter of the pastry syringe was slightly larger than that of our pipe. In principle, the pastry syringe could be fixed to the end of the pipe, and then the syringe containing the polymer solution could be placed inside it, with the needle passed through the pastry nozzle opening. I wrapped the end of the pipe in paper and tried to attach the pastry syringe to it, but this did not work. I went to my colleague and asked for some polyvinyl acetate glue to secure the connection. "You won't succeed! That kind of glue won't bond plastic, and besides, it's conductive!" I seriously doubted that dried polymer glue would be electrically conductive, but I did not argue. Instead, I asked my colleague to do it his way. He simply wrapped the pipe in plastic film and attached the pastry syringe to it. This temporarily solved the problem: the syringe stayed in place. Much later, during experiments, this connection lost its strength twice at the most inopportune moments. The pump continued to operate, but the solution did not flow, because the intermediate rod slowly pushed the pastry syringe outward instead of pressing on the plunger of the inner syringe filled with solution. I eventually solved this problem with tape. It was neither elegant nor impressive, but it worked. During these experiments, another drawback of our primitive setup became apparent. While operating, the syringe containing the solution was hidden inside an opaque tube, making it impossible to determine how much solution remained. To fix this, I used a new pastry syringe tip and cut it so that the syringe with the solution protruded completely, except for the plunger and the barrel flange. I also changed the needle orientation from vertical to horizontal, and with it the orientation of the entire setup. I temporarily moved the apparatus from the fume hood to the laboratory bench. I did not want to inhale solvent vapors, especially since the dimethylformamide contained dimethylamine and had a distinctly fishy odor. Nevertheless, working at the bench was far more convenient, particularly because it was easier to observe the behavior of the solution as it exited the needle. Since I was unable to produce fibers from a 20% PVDF solution and the 25% solution was too viscous, I decided to reduce the distance between the electrodes. I asked my first colleague, a chemist, what the minimum safe distance between the electrodes might be. He replied that electrical breakdown would occur at a distance of about 7 cm. I continued the experiments. When I reduced the distance between the electrodes to 10 cm, the smell of ozone became noticeable. Still, no fibers formed. To better observe the flow from the needle, I turned off the laboratory lights, placed a dark background behind the setup, and used my smartphone flashlight for illumination. I then reduced the distance further, to 4-5 cm. The result remained negative - electrospinning did not occur. On one occasion, I observed a purple, seemingly "fibrous" glow emanating from the needle, which I assumed to be a corona discharge. A few seconds later, there was a loud crack, and a miniature lightning bolt flashed between the needle and the plate. Fortunately, the monitor continued to function. Another spark discharge occurred at the very end of the experiment, after I had already turned off the solution supply but before I had switched off the monitor. Incidentally, while the setup was operating, the monitor screen glowed faintly because the cathode-ray tube had not been disconnected from the transformer. This turned out to be important: there was a real danger of touching the high-voltage electrode while the monitor was still on. The LED indicating that the monitor was powered was almost imperceptible, whereas the faint screen glow clearly showed that high voltage was present. Without it, it would have been difficult to tell whether the monitor was on or off. I later called the second colleague, a physicist, and asked him: "I'm going to ask a stupid question. What happens if I accidentally touch the electrode while the monitor is still on? I work alone in the room - there's no one to provide medical assistance. The neighbors won't notice my absence for weeks, until they need me to sign some document. Several times I've turned on the power without attaching the electrode to the needle. Once, the syringe, needle, and electrode - still energized - flew off and landed at my feet." He replied: "I don't know for sure. A relative of mine once tried to repair a large cathode-ray-tube television. He was thrown across the room, but otherwise not injured. Our monitor operates at a lower voltage, but you really shouldn't take the risk. Always turn it off by pulling the plug, not by pressing the button. It's worse for the monitor, but better for you." I promised to follow his advice, but I did not keep my word - the wall outlet was flimsy and would not survive many on-off cycles. The colleague also suggested that I visit his laboratory to pick up a homemade syringe pump they had used previously, as well as two containers of a PVDF/DMF solution. They had not worked with this solution before, but since it was already prepared, there was no reason not to try it. |
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