| Content | Chemistry experiments - video | Physics experiments - video | Home Page - Chemistry and Chemists |
|
Chemistry and Chemists № 1 2026 Journal of Chemists-Enthusiasts |
Electrospinning - pt.5, 6 Chemist |
|
Having noticed a mistake in the text, allocate it and press Ctrl-Enter
Electrospinning: Solution of Polystyrene in Surrogate Acetone (Trial Experiment) - Part 5
A prolonged lack of positive results is demoralizing for a researcher, especially when one starts in an unfamiliar field. If I had previously successfully produced fibers using electrospinning, I could now compare past successful experiments with the current unsuccessful ones to find and fix the problem. However, I had no previous experience, so all I could do was read the literature, consult with colleagues, and plan and conduct experiments on my own.
Электроспиннинг: раствор полистирола в суррогатном ацетоне (пробный эксперимент) - Часть 5 Among the possible reasons for the failure of electrospinning, I identified two: insufficient transformer voltage and the excessively high boiling point of the solvent, DMF. I couldn't replace the transformer in the short term, so I had to change the solvent. Besides DMF, PVDF polymer dissolves well in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) but poorly in tetrahydrofuran (THF). DMSO's boiling point (189°C) is even higher than DMF's. Therefore, both DMSO and THF were out of the question. This means I need to change not only the solvent but also the polymer. I had a solution of expanded polystyrene (polystyrene foam) in a substitute acetone, sold under the name "Acetone+." I used this solution as a homemade glue. The sale and use of pure acetone in our country is subject to strict restrictions, which are practically equivalent to a ban on this solvent. Besides acetone, other substances important for science and industry, such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, are also strictly restricted. The restrictions were introduced under the guise of combating illegal drug production. However, the real reason for the restrictions is different: the more bans there are in the country, the more extortion government officials can engage in. Those who cannot or do not want to pay corrupt officials are forced to use various substitutes for important and necessary substances. In particular, "Acetone+" is an acetone substitute in which some of the acetone is replaced with other solvents to avoid the restrictions. Naturally, this substitution degrades the solvent's properties and increases its price compared to pure acetone. The manufacturer didn't specify the exact composition of the "Acetone+" solvent, listing only a few of its components: acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, and glycol ethers. For previous experiments, I needed glue, so I dissolved expanded polystyrene in the surrogate of acetone. I didn't weigh the components; I simply added the polystyrene to the "Acetone+" until the desired viscosity was reached. The expanded polystyrene dissolved quickly and completely. I decided to use this ready-made solution to produce polystyrene fibers, similar to how I had attempted to produce PVDF fibers. Unfortunately, the exact composition of the solvent was unknown and likely varied significantly from batch to batch. I also strongly suspected that the manufacturer had intentionally provided an inaccurate list of components. Specifically, this solvent is only slightly soluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide. However, almost all of the components listed by the manufacturer are soluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide - acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and propyl acetate. Only glycol ethers can be insoluble in aqueous alkali. However, I decided that this solution would be suitable for trial experiments. If the results were positive, the surrogate could be replaced with chemically pure acetone, a small amount of which a colleague had left over. I drew the polystyrene solution into a syringe, secured it in the setup, and connected the high-voltage electrode. I turned on the solution supply and turned on the high voltage. A drop of the polystyrene solution formed at the tip of the syringe, and the needle was producing a familiar hissing and whistling sound. Transparent and colorless threads then emerged from the drop and were attracted to the collector, forming numerous branches. This was my first encounter with the "electrospinning" dendrites I mentioned in the previous part of the article. I didn't observe any "fog cone" composed of microscopic fibers or any similar structure. The droplet at the tip of the needle extended toward the opposite electrode, and fibers "shot" out from various points. I attempted to collect these fibers using a wooden frame with a plastic mesh inside. I moved the frame in translational and rotational motions near the collector electrode, recalling what the colleague had done in our first experiments. He hadn't succeeded then - the plastic mesh remained unchanged. But now the mesh was covered in a "web" - microscopic polystyrene fibers! This was the first positive result. The fibers, however, formed with difficulty. The polystyrene solution was too viscous, but I didn't know that at the time - I had nothing to compare it to. So I positioned the needle closer to the collector. The result was a corona discharge, followed by a loud pop and a spark (an electrical breakdown of the gap between the electrodes). Neither the computer monitor used as the high-voltage source nor I was injured, but I jerked my hand away in panic, breaking the wooden frame. For some time, I continued to coat the mesh inside the frame with fibers, creating a dense web. The tip of the needle grew a beard of dendrites, which I occasionally removed with a long plastic stick. Later, I learned that the physicist colleague had done something similar in his previous experiments. Videos of electrospinning processes I found online showed no dendrite formation. This suggested I was conducting the experiment incorrectly, but there was no one to help me. I varied the distance between the needle and the collector and tried different flow rates. The dendrites didn't disappear. However, the collector became coated with a white material. It could be fibers or dried aerosol droplets. The former would have indicated a positive result, and the latter would mean a negative one. The colleague came in. Seeing the dendrites, he asked: "Polystyrene?" "Yes." "I see - you've made the excellent 'hedgehog'!" Of course, the goal wasn't to create a "hedgehog model," but to obtain microscopic polystyrene fibers, or better yet, nanofibers. To make the resulting coating easier to see under the microscope, I used an aluminum mesh as a collector instead of aluminum foil. The mesh became coated with a white material resembling cotton wool. After finishing the work, I removed the white material from the electrode with a scalpel. Under the microscope, it was clearly visible that the resulting material consisted of fine fibers. For comparison, I placed a piece of cotton wool under the microscope. It turned out that the fibers in the cotton wool had a significantly larger diameter than the electrospun fibers. The result was positive, but much work remained. Perhaps I should increase the concentration and viscosity of the polystyrene solution by dissolving additional expanded polystyrene in it? I did just that, obtaining a viscous solution that was difficult to squeeze out of the syringe needle. I connected high voltage to the needle and turned on the syringe pump. A drop appeared at the tip of the needle, gradually growing larger. However, it turned out that the electric field was unable to draw a Taylor cone from this solution. Neither fibers nor even an aerosol formed. The electrostatic force failed to overcome surface tension. My supply of polystyrene solution in "Acetone+" ran out. I prepared new solutions specifically for electrospinning. From this point on, I prepared the solutions by precisely weighing the required quantities of components. To begin, I prepared 18% and 20% polystyrene solutions in "Acetone+" solvent. |
lectrospinning: Solution of Polystyrene in Surrogate Acetone (Trial Experiment) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The corona discharge |