| Content | Chemistry experiments - video | Physics experiments - video | Home Page - Chemistry and Chemists |
|
Chemistry and Chemists № 1 2026 Journal of Chemists-Enthusiasts |
Working with Radioactive Waste - pt.1, 2 Chemist |
|
Having noticed a mistake in the text, allocate it and press Ctrl-Enter
Radioactive Waste Evaporation - Part 1
A colleague came into the laboratory, brought a 0.5-liter bottle of brown liquid, and asked:
Работа с радиоактивными отходами Выпаривание радиоактивных отходов - Часть 1 "Is there any way to precipitate it? I mean, reduce the turbidity." The bottle contained radioactive waste. Humic acids gave it its brown color. At first, I thought my colleague wanted me to clarify the water by precipitating or destroying the organic matter responsible for the coloration. "I can add iron(III) chloride, followed by sodium carbonate or calcium hydroxide. This will lead to the formation of an iron hydroxide precipitate, which absorbs the organic contaminants." "Do you have these substances?" I had the necessary reagents; the problem was locating them. They were stored in the unheated laboratory. In winter, the temperature there dropped below freezing, and now the room was cold and damp. Consequently, I rarely visited that laboratory. Trying to recall where the jar of iron(III) chloride was, I couldn't help but picture a large industrial water treatment plant used to process water from the Dnipro River. Then I realized that the bottle did not contain natural water that needed to be treated with a coagulant, filtered, and disinfected to make it potable - it contained radioactive waste. I asked my colleague a few more questions. It turned out that he was not interested in clarifying the water, but in transferring radioactive isotopes into a solid phase - a process he referred to as "precipitation." The goal was to measure the activity of cesium-137 in the contaminated water. To do this, the cesium had to be brought into a solid phase. Thus, the cesium needed to be precipitated, along with any other radioactive isotopes that might be present in the sample. The question was which method would be most suitable. The precipitation needed to be as complete as possible - ideally quantitative. My colleague was not a chemist but a materials scientist, so he could not offer any guidance. The chemical composition of the waste was unknown, so I decided that the safest approach would be to evaporate the solution, converting both dissolved substances and suspended particles into a solid residue. My colleague did not object. I brought a porcelain evaporating dish. I did not dare place it directly on the hotplate, as the heat could be excessive, causing the liquid to boil violently and splash. Instead, I set up a sand bath and placed the dish on it, pouring in a small amount of the brown liquid. I plugged in the hotplate and waited. A long time passed, but the solution did not boil - the heating was too weak. I then placed the dish directly on the hotplate, but this did not help; the heat was still insufficient. Eventually, I figured out how to connect the hotplate to a different electrical circuit - and the liquid immediately began to boil. The original circuit simply did not supply enough power. As the liquid evaporated, I added more. Judging by the appearance of the resulting solid, the solution contained a high concentration of inorganic salts. When I mentioned this, my colleague replied: "I think you're right. The original solution contained a lot of nitric acid; I neutralized it with sodium hydroxide." This response concerned me. I recalled an incident that had occurred in our laboratory before I began working at the institute. The staff had treated peat with perchloric acid, then with potassium hydroxide, and finally rinsed it with water. While the peat was drying in a drying oven, an explosion occurred. The cause was clear: the reaction of perchloric acid with potassium hydroxide produced poorly soluble potassium perchlorate. During rinsing, only a small portion dissolved, leaving the compound in the peat. As is well known, perchlorates can form explosive mixtures with organic substances. Perchlorates containing organic cations are particularly dangerous. In our case, sodium nitrate and organic matter were present in the solution. After evaporation, a substance with properties similar to those of gunpowder (black powder) would form. If overheated, the dry residue would most likely not explode but could ignite. Such a fire would be impossible to extinguish, since both the oxidizer and the fuel are contained within the same material. I would have to wait for the sample to burn out, ensuring that the combustion did not spread to surrounding objects. To avoid overheating, I evaporated the sample only to a viscous slurry and then turned off the heat. The remaining water evaporated due to the residual heat of the hotplate, leaving behind a light-brown mass in the form of soft lumps. My colleague then measured the activity of the sample. It turned out to be only 4 Bq (approximately 8 Bq/L). I checked the drinking water standards: the recommended limits were no more than 0.1 Bq/L for alpha-emitting isotopes and no more than 1 Bq/L for beta-emitting radionuclides. In other words, the activity of the waste was quite low. |
Radioactive Waste Evaporation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|