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Chemistry and Chemists № 1 2026 Journal of Chemists-Enthusiasts |
Experiments with Universal Indicator - pt.17, 18 Chemist |
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At first glance, such an experiment might seem pointless. In previous experiments, universal indicator paper turned bright crimson when exposed to dilute hydrochloric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid. Therefore, if a solution of universal pH indicator were added to 69% nitric acid, the liquid should also turn crimson. In other words, nothing unusual would be expected - all of these acids should behave similarly.
Nevertheless, I decided to verify this experimentally. If the result matched the prediction, I simply would not describe the experiment. Only if something interesting occurred would it deserve a separate part of the article. Not every experiment is successful, even when it is a simple chemical demonstration based on well-known properties of substances. And when investigating something new, most experiments fail. The more complex and significant the problem being studied, the greater the proportion of failures or ambiguous results. About 30 years ago, an organic chemist said that they "work 90% for the trash bin," meaning that most of the compounds they synthesize ultimately prove useless. Although, sometimes a substance that seems useless today may become exceptionally important tomorrow. Sulfuric acid, for example, was already known in the age of the alchemists. At that time, it was an exotic substance that proved to be of no value in the search for the "philosopher's stone" that the alchemists so coveted. Today, however, sulfuric acid is one of the foundations of the chemical industry. Something similar happened with white phosphorus, which evolved from a curiosity and an "entertainment for the very rich" into a large-scale industrial product. Let us begin the experiment. I poured about 5 mL of 69% nitric acid into a small beaker and added a few drops of an alcoholic solution of universal indicator. The liquid immediately turned bright crimson. Nothing unusual appeared to be happening, so I stopped filming and began preparing another experiment, which involved dissolving alkali in water. Four minutes later, I returned to wash the beaker. To my surprise, the solution had turned green, and a brown gas had appeared above the liquid. I added water to the beaker. The color disappeared, and a white suspension formed - apparently because phenolphthalein (one of the components of the universal indicator) had precipitated. I then added more universal indicator solution and stirred. The solution again turned bright red. This result came as a complete surprise to me; otherwise, I would not have stopped filming. On the other hand, I immediately understood what had happened, since I had observed similar reactions involving nitric acid many times before. In this case, nitric acid acted not only as a strong acid but also as an oxidizing agent. The green color of the solution was caused by products of nitric acid reduction, such as nitrous acid and various nitrogen oxides. One of these products was brown nitrogen dioxide above the liquid. Similar coloration of both the liquid and gas phases is often observed during reactions of concentrated nitric acid (~70%) with copper, zinc, ethyl alcohol, and other reducing agents. When the universal indicator solution was added, nitric acid could react not only with the indicator dyes but also with the solvent, ethyl alcohol. It is important to note that the crimson color disappeared irreversibly; it did not reappear after dilution with water. However, additional portions of the indicator solution again produced a bright red color, since the solution remained strongly acidic even after dilution. I repeated the experiment in order to record the entire process on video. After adding the universal indicator, the solution turned crimson. Over time, the color began to fade. I added more indicator solution, and the bright crimson color appeared. The crimson gradually changed to red, then orange. The orange solution became yellow. After this, the yellow color rapidly turned green, and suddenly a brown gas began to evolve. I had to cover the beaker with a Petri dish, since nitrogen dioxide not only has an unpleasant odor but is also highly toxic. After adding water, the solution became discolored - or rather, transformed into a white suspension. |
Nitric Acid and Universal Indicator Attempt #1 |
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Nitric Acid and Universal Indicator Attempt #2 |
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Hydrochloric Acid and Universal Indicator - Part 18
For comparison, I poured 5 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid into a beaker and added a few drops of an alcoholic solution of universal indicator. I stirred the liquid. It turned a bright crimson color. No further color change occurred over time. Naturally, I did not expect the solution to release brown gas and turn green, as had happened in the previous experiment. Unlike the nitrate ion, the chloride ion does not exhibit oxidizing properties. However, other processes capable of destroying the organic dyes and changing the color of the solution could not be ruled out.
Соляная кислота и универсальный индикатор - Часть 18 I added water to the beaker and stirred. The color intensity decreased, but the solution remained crimson. I added more universal indicator, and the solution turned a deep red. Then I added more water, bringing the total volume to about 40 ml. To neutralize the acid, I added a few granules of sodium hydroxide. The solid alkali sank to the bottom, and bubbles of carbon dioxide began to evolve from its surface. The sodium hydroxide contained carbonate impurities formed by the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air. However, the color of the solution remained unchanged. Even near the surface of the granules, the solution stayed crimson. I stirred the contents of the beaker with a glass rod. I expected that some regions of the liquid would turn blue or green during stirring, but this did not happen. I added more granules and stirred again - the solution remained crimson. Only after the third addition of sodium hydroxide granules and subsequent stirring did violet patches begin to appear temporarily near the bottom of the beaker. With further stirring, a stable violet layer formed at the bottom, since the sodium hydroxide was dissolving relatively slowly. Then the upper layer of the liquid changed color from crimson to yellow, and finally the entire solution in the beaker turned violet. |
Hydrochloric Acid and Universal Indicator |
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