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Content № 3 2025
Content № 2 2026 |
Chemistry experiments - video | Physics experiments - video | Home Page - Chemistry and Chemists |
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Chemistry and Chemists № 3 2025 / № 2 2026 Journal of Chemists-Enthusiasts |
"Bathing" the Desiccator. What to Do if the Desiccator Lid Doesn't Open? Chemist |
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"Bathing" the Desiccator. What to Do if the Desiccator Lid Doesn't Open?
A desiccator is a special container designed to protect samples from atmospheric moisture and to dry them. It contains a desiccant and is hermetically sealed. Typically, a desiccator is a glass vessel with a characteristic round shape. A lid is located on top, forming a dome to increase the internal volume. The lid seals tightly, preventing moisture from entering.
"Купание" эксикатора. Что делать, если крышка эксикатора не открывается? A heat-resistant plate (for example, porcelain) with holes is placed at the bottom, dividing the desiccator chamber into two unequal parts. The lower, smaller part holds the desiccant - e.g., anhydrous calcium chloride, silica gel, or concentrated sulfuric acid in an evaporating dish. The upper part is used for samples that require drying or protection from moisture. These can include crucibles, evaporating dishes, or Petri dishes containing a substance. The lid, bottom, and sides of the desiccator are made of thick glass. The top of the desiccator lid may have a vacuum stopcock for evacuating air from the chamber with a vacuum pump. Using a vacuum facilitates the removal of moisture and allows samples to be stored in an air-free environment. Such desiccators are known as vacuum desiccators. The lid should always be opened by gently sliding it to the side. If the desiccator is of the vacuum type, the stopcock must be opened carefully before lifting the lid to equalize internal and external pressures. I needed a desiccator for my tritium determination work. I have several in the lab, and one of the largest was empty. I tried to open it, but it wouldn't budge - the lid was pressed tightly against the body. What was the cause? Typically, problems opening a desiccator occur when hot objects (such as crucibles or evaporating dishes) are placed inside and the lid is closed immediately afterward. The air inside expands, creating increased pressure that lifts the lid and lets some air escape. At this point, the lid can even slip, fall, and shatter. The lid is the most vulnerable part of a desiccator. When moving a desiccator, always hold the lid with your fingers from above, pressing it lightly against the body. When the excess warm air has escaped, the pressure equalizes. Gradually, the crucibles - and the air inside - cool to room temperature. As a result, the internal pressure drops, creating a partial vacuum, and the external air pressure presses the lid tightly against the body. To prevent this, place the hot crucibles in the desiccator but leave a small gap between the lid and the body. After a few minutes, the lid can be closed completely. Then, after about five minutes, slightly open the lid again and reseal it to equalize the pressure. In my case, the desiccator was empty; I hadn't used it for several months. The last time I opened it, it was summer and the weather was hot. Now it was autumn, and the lab was cold. As the air inside cooled, its pressure decreased, and the external air pressure pressed the lid firmly against the body. If the desiccator had been a vacuum one, the problem could have been solved instantly by opening the stopcock. The pressures would have equalized, and the lid would have opened easily. However, this desiccator had no stopcock. All our attempts to move the lid, even with considerable force, failed. My colleague suggested inserting a thin metal spatula between the lid and the body, but I categorically forbade it. The spatula could easily damage the seal between the lid and the rim. Since the desiccator was stuck because it had cooled down, I decided it needed to be warmed. However, "heating the desiccator" is easier said than done. Desiccators are made of thick glass, which provides high mechanical strength but low thermal resistance. In general, the thicker the glass, the less it tolerates sudden temperature changes. Should I place the desiccator in a drying cabinet? A drying cabinet doesn't heat uniformly, and the desiccator could crack. Besides, this one was too large to fit inside. Then I came up with the idea of using warm water to heat it gradually. I poured room-temperature water into a large plastic basin. I heated another portion of water in a kettle to boiling and poured it into the basin. The basin wasn't laboratory equipment but rather intended for washing clothes - but I ignored that fact. After mixing the hot and cold water, the basin contained pleasantly warm water. I placed the desiccator in it to warm the glass slowly and raise the internal air pressure to match the external one. However, the heating process was slow - the desiccator was massive. An hour and a half passed, and the glass above the water's surface was still cold. I carefully added more boiling water to the basin, but it didn't help. I still couldn't move the lid. Then I cautiously poured small amounts of hot water from the kettle directly onto the lid. This was risky, as the temperature difference could cause the glass to crack. Fortunately, it didn't. Finally, the lid slid with minimal effort. The irony is that the desiccator is designed to dry samples and protect them from moisture - yet I had to immerse it in a large basin of water to open it. |
Desiccator |
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''Bathing'' the Desiccator. What to Do if the Desiccator Lid Doesn't Open? |
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The previous issue of the magazine featured a short article about a desiccator [1] whose lid wouldn't open because low pressure had developed inside the vessel. Hot water from a kettle had to be poured over the desiccator to open the lid.
The story had an unexpected continuation. The desiccator sat in an unheated laboratory all winter, where the temperature dropped below 0°C. Inside it were calcium chloride (a desiccant) and an open jar of crystalline iron(III) chloride hydrate. I planned to use the iron(III) chloride to conduct a very interesting chemistry demonstration known as a "colloidal garden" or "chemical algae." Large crystals of salts of various di- and trivalent metals, including iron, copper, manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, and others, are placed in a dilute solution of sodium and potassium silicates. As a result, "algae" grow in the vessel containing the solution, resembling real aquatic plants. In most cases, the growth of these "algae" is relatively slow, requiring several hours. However, with iron(III) chloride, the growth is so rapid that even the most impatient observer can notice it. When I opened the jar of iron(III) chloride to conduct the experiment described above, I was greatly disappointed. The lid was not airtight, so the solid salt had absorbed moisture from the air, partially converting into a saturated solution. I didn't dare evaporate the solution by heating it, as iron(III) chloride undergoes extensive hydrolysis under these conditions. Therefore, I placed the open jar in a desiccator containing anhydrous calcium chloride. __________________________________________________ 1 "Bathing" the Desiccator. What to Do if the Desiccator Lid Doesn't Open? [link].
The water gradually evaporated from the solution, but the process took a long time, so the desiccator remained in the laboratory throughout the winter. The winter was so cold that the water froze inside the pipes, damaging them. It is already midsummer, but the laboratory's plumbing still hasn't been repaired. The neighboring laboratories are also without water. Working in a chemistry laboratory without running water is extremely difficult - it would have to be brought in by bucket. So I moved the desiccator to another laboratory and placed it on a table. Over the winter, the iron(III) chloride solution dried out and turned back into a solid salt. Later, I placed an evaporating dish filled with anhydrous calcium chloride inside the desiccator to serve as an additional desiccant. Unfortunately, by that time I rarely had the opportunity to conduct chemistry experiments. The "colloidal garden" had to be put on hold for a while. I was busy organizing the new laboratory. In particular, I was ordering glassware, reagents, and equipment. Then I had to receive everything, identify it, and carefully inspect it, since there was no other staff member who could distinguish a pipette from a flask. I rarely visited my old laboratory, and when I did, I spent most of my time doing paperwork. I recently spent an entire day in the new laboratory unpacking boxes of glassware and reagents and comparing their contents with the delivery notes. It was incredibly hot, and the only saving grace was the air conditioning. The next day, I returned to the old laboratory. The desiccator was on the table, just as it had been the day before, but its lid... had disappeared. No one had entered the laboratory while I was away. I walked over, and my fears were confirmed: the lid had fallen behind the table and was lying on the floor. Fortunately, it had not broken, although there were several chips along its edge; it must have struck a steel radiator when it fell.
The table surface was flat, so the only plausible explanation was that the pressure inside the desiccator had increased. Unlike the new laboratory, the old one did not have air conditioning. It was the middle of summer, and the room temperature had risen to 30°C. The hot weather warmed the air trapped inside the desiccator, increasing its pressure enough to force the lid off. By the way, for the new laboratory we purchased three desiccators with lids fitted with a port for a vacuum valve or a rubber stopper. If a vacuum develops inside such a desiccator, one can simply open the valve or remove the rubber stopper to equalize the pressure with the surrounding air, allowing the lid to open easily. However, if the pressure inside the desiccator increases instead, neither the valve nor the rubber stopper will prevent the lid from being forced off - unless, of course, the rubber stopper pops out before the lid does.
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Инцидент с эксикатором
В позапрошлом номере журнала была короткая заметка об эксикаторе [1], крышка которого не открывалась из-за того, что внутри сосуда возникло низкое давление. Эксикатор пришлось поливать горячей водой из чайника, чтобы открыть крышку.
История получила неожиданное продолжение. Всю зиму эксикатор простоял в неотапливаемой лаборатории, температура в которой опустилась ниже нуля по Цельсию. Внутри эксикатора был хлорид кальция (осушитель) и открытая баночка с кристаллогидратом хлорида железа (III). Я планировал использовать хлорид железа (III) для проведения очень интересной химической демонстрации, известной под названиями "коллоидный сад" или "химические водоросли". В разбавленный раствор силикатов натрия и калия помещают крупные кристаллики солей разных двух- и трехвалентных металлов: железа, меди, марганца, хрома, кобальта, никеля, магния, алюминия и других. В результате в стеклянном сосуде с раствором вырастают " водоросли", которые напоминают настоящие водные растения. В большинстве случаев рост "водорослей" происходит сравнительно медленно, он требует нескольких часов. Однако, в случае хлорида железа (III) рост водорослей происходит насколько быстро, что его может заметить даже самый нетерпеливый наблюдатель. Когда я открыл баночку с хлоридом железа (III), чтобы провести описанный эксперимент, то был сильно разочарован. Крышка оказалась негерметичной, поэтому твердая соль поглотила влагу из воздуха, частично превратившись в насыщенный раствор. Упаривать раствор при нагревании я не решился, поскольку хлорид железа (III) в этих условиях подвергается сильному гидролизу. Поэтому я поставил открытую баночку в эксикатор с безводным хлоридом кальция.
Вода постепенно испарялась из раствора, но процесс занял много времени, поэтому эксикатор остался в лаборатории на зиму. Зима оказалась настолько холодной, что вода замерзла внутри водопроводных труб и разрушила их стенки. Сейчас уже середина лета, но водопровод в лаборатории так никто и не починил. Соседние лаборатории также без воды. Работать без воды в химической лаборатории крайне сложно - воду пришлось бы приносить ведрами. Поэтому я забрал эксикатор в другую лабораторию и поставил его на стол. За зиму раствор хлорида железа (III) высох и превратился в твердую соль. Позже я поставил внутрь эксикатора выпарную чашку с безводным хлоридом кальция - это был дополнительный осушитель. К сожалению, к тому времени у меня редко появлялась возможность проводить химические эксперименты. Про "коллоидный сад" пришлось на время забыть. Я был занят организацией новой лаборатории. В частности, занимался заказами химической посуды, реактивов и оборудования. Потом приходилось все это принимать, идентифицировать и тщательно осматривать, поскольку других сотрудников, способных отличить пипетку от колбы в наличии не было. В своей старой лаборатории я бывал нечасто, а когда бывал - занимался, почти исключительно, бумажной работой. Недавно я провел целый день в новой лаборатории, распаковывая ящики с лабораторной посудой и реактивами и сопоставляя содержимое ящиков с накладными. Было очень жарко, спасало только то, что лаборатории работал кондиционер. На следующий день вернулся в старую лабораторию. На столе стоял эксикатор, как было за день до этого, но крышка эксикатора... исчезла. В мое отсутствие в лаборатории никого не было. Подошел ближе и мои опасения подтвердились: крышка упала за стол и лежала на полу. К счастью, стеклянная крышка не разбилась, хотя в нескольких местах в стекле были выбоины, видимо, падая, крышка ударилась об стальной радиатор отопления.
Поверхность стола была ровной, поэтому единственной причиной, почему крышка упала, было повышенное давление внутри эксикатора. В отличие от новой лаборатории, в старой лаборатории не было кондиционера. Была средина лета, температура в помещении подскочила 30°С. Из-за жары воздух внутри эксикатора нагрелся и создал повышенное давление, достаточное, чтобы вытолкнуть крышку. Кстати, для новой лаборатории мы купили 3 эксикатора, в крышках которых предусмотрено отверстие вакуумного крана или резиновой пробки. Если в таком эксикаторе возникнет разрежение, достаточно открыть кран или вынуть резиновую пробку и давление внутри эксикатора сравняется с внешним. В результате крышка эксикатора легко откроется. Хотя, в случае возникновения повышенного давления, ни кран, ни резиновая пробка не спасут крышку эксикатора от падения. Разве что резиновая пробка вылетит раньше, чем сама крышка эксикатора.
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Комментарии
К1
Если откачку эксикатора проводят при помощи водоструйного насоса - получается "сушка водой"!
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