paralytic Ok
poison - yad
mustard gas - gorchichn Ok
sneeze - chihanie Ok
tear Ok


 Author:
            Maruyama, Junichi; Noguchi, Tamao; Matsunaga, Shigeki;
            Hashimoto, Kanehisa
 Reference:
            Journal, ABCHA6, Agric.Biol.Chem., EN, 48, 11, 1984,
            2783-2788
 Title:
            Fast Atom Bombardment- and Secondary Ion-Mass
            Spectrometry of Paralytic Shellfish Poisons and Tetrodotoxin
 Abstract:
            The application of fast atom bombardment- and secondary
            ion-mass spectrometry to the determination of molecular
            weights of non-volatile toxins was successfully examined with
            the use of authentic specimens of paralitic shellfish poisons
            (saxitoxin, gonyautoxin-1, gonyautoxin-2 and
            protogonyautoxin-1) and tetrodotoxin.Two non-sulfated toxins,
            saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin, produced intense pseudomolecular
            ion peaks in both positive and/or negative ion detection.On the
            other hand, each of gonyautoxin-1 and -2 and
            protogonyautoxin-1, all sulfated, gave only small (M + H)(+)
            ion peaks in the positive ion detection whereas exhibiting
            prominent (M - H)(-) ion peaks in the negative ion
            spectrum.The molecular weights thus determined were 299 for
            saxitoxin, 411 for gonyautoxin-1, 395 for gonyautoxin-2, 475
            for protogonyautoxin-1 and 319 for tetrodotoxin, in good
            accordance with their molecular weights.
 CNR:
            5891399


 Author:
            Oshima, Yasukatsu; Machida, Makoto; Sasaki, Kazuo;
            Tamaoki, Yoko; Yasumoto, Takeshi
 Reference:
            Journal, ABCHA6, Agric.Biol.Chem., EN, 48, 7, 1984,
            1707-1712
 Title:
            Liquid Chromatographic-Fluorometric Analysis of Paralytic
            Shellfish Toxins
 Abstract:
            Alkaline oxidation of paralytic shellfish toxins with tert-butyl
            hydroperoxide yielded highly fluorescent derivatives.Even
            gonyautoxins I and IV and neosaxitoxin, which were
            nonfluorescing by previously proposed hydrogen peroxide
            oxidations, were successfully converted to fluorescent
            compounds.A continuous shellfish toxin analyzer was
            constructed by incorporating the reaction into a high pressure
            liquid chromatographic system.The limit of detection was within
            the range 0.04-2.2 nmol for gonyautoxin I-V, neosaxitoxin and
            saxitoxin.
 CNR:
            5891502

 Author:
            Harada, Takako; Oshima, Yasukatsu; Yasumoto, Takeshi
 Reference:
            Journal, ABCHA6, Agric.Biol.Chem., EN, 46, 7, 1982,
            1861-1864
 Title:
            Structures of Two Paralytic Shellfish Toxins, Gonyautoxins V
            and VI, Isolated from a Tropical Dinoflagellate, Pyrodinium
            bahamense var. compressa
 Abstract:
            Two paralytic shellfish toxins, gonyautoxin V and gonyautoxin
            VI, isolated from a tropical dinoflagellate, Pyrodinium
            bahamense var. compressa, were identified respectively to be
            derivatives of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin with a
            sulfonatocarbamoyl moiety.
 CNR:
            5891412

 Author:
            Shimizu, Yuzuru; Hsu, Chien P.
 Reference:
            Journal, JCCCAT, J.Chem.Soc.Chem.Commun., EN, 7, 1981,
            314-315
 Title:
            Confirmation of the Structures of Gonyautoxins I - IV by
            Correlation with Saxitoxin
 Abstract:
            The structures of four paralytic shellfish poisons have been
            unequivocally established by interconversion and ultimate
            correlation with saxitoxin.
 CNR:
            5791538


 Author:
            Kobayashi, Masaru; Shimizu, Yuzuru
 Reference:
            Journal, JCCCAT, J.Chem.Soc.Chem.Commun., EN, 16, 1981,
            827-828
 Title:
            Gonyautoxin VIII, a Cryptic Precursor of Paralytic Shellfish
            Poisons
 Abstract:
            A new dinoflagellate toxin, gonyautoxin VIII, which exhibits
            enhanced toxicity upon mild acid treatment, seems to possess a
            novel sulphonatocarbamoyl function.
 CNR:
            5831373


 Author:
            Locke, S. J.; Thibault, P.
 Reference:
            Journal, ANCHAM, Anal.Chem., EN, 66, 20, 1994, 3436-3446
 Title:
            Improvement in Detection Limits of the Determination of
            Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish Tissues Using
            Capillary Electrtrophoresis/Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
            and Discontinuius Buffer Systems
 Abstract:
            The application of on-column sample preconcentration with
            capillary isotachophoresis(CITP) and discontinuous buffer
            systems prior to CZE separation has been investigates for the
            analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PDP) toxins.A
            judicious choice of leading and terminating electrolytes for the
            preconcentration step has provided an improvement of the
            concentrartion detection limit of at least 2 orders of magnitude
            over that obtainable using the conventional CTE format.Such
            improvements in sample loadings now enable identification and
            quantitation of PSP toxins present in dinoflagellate and shellfish
            extracts using capillary electrophoresis.This preconcentration
            technique was found to be entirely compatible with
            electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) and permitted the
            analysis of scallop extracts containing submicromolar levels of
            PSP toxins.In situations where higher levels of selectivity are
            required for unambiguous identification of individual PSP
            toxins, CITP/CZE was combined with tandem mass
            spectrometry.The ease of operation, flexibility, selectivity, and
            short analysis time of CITP/CZE/ESMS make this technique an
            attractive method to the monitoring of PSP toxins.
 CNR:
            5905483


 Author:
            Sako, Yoshihiko; Kim, Chang-Hoon; Ishida, Yuzaburo
 Reference:
            Journal, BBBIEJ, Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem., EN, 56, 2.3.4.,
            1992, 692-694
 Title:
            Mendelian Inheritance of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin in
            the Marine Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella
 Abstract:
            To analyze the genetic system of paralytic shellfish poisoning
            (PSP) toxin production in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium
            catenella, we examined toxin compositions and mating type of
            F1 progenies from crosses between algal strains having
            different toxin compositions.In all strains used, the mole
            percentage of their toxin composition did not significantly
            change in any growth phase, although total toxin levels
            increased rapidly in the early to middle exponential growth
            phase and then decreased by 95percent in the stationary
            phase.One parental strain produced gonyautoxin (GTX) 4, and
            C4, while the other produced neosaxitoxin (neoSTX) and
            saxitoxin (STX) during all growth phases.F1 progenies showed
            one parental toxin composition and segregated independently
            with the mating type.These data suggest that A. catenella is a
            toxin producer and that Mendelian inheritance of toxin profiles
            occurs in the heterothallic dinoflagellate A. catenella.
 CNR:
            5661586

 Author:
            Hatanaka, Yasumaru; Yoshida, Eiichi; Nakayama, Hitoshi;
            Kanaoka, Yuichi
 Reference:
            Journal, CPBTAL, Chem.Pharm.Bull., EN, 38, 1, 1990,
            236-238
 Title:
            Synthesis of m-Conotoxin GIIIA: A Chemical Probe for
            Sodium Channels
 Abstract:
            m-Conotoxin GIIIA, a 22 amino acid peptide paralytic toxin
            which inhibits the muscle voltage-activated sodium channels,
            was synthesized by a solid phase method.No purification of
            intermediates was necessary for the synthesis, and a simple air
            oxidation of the deprotected crude peptide gave the desired
            toxin.By all criteria applied, the synthetic material was
            indistinguishable from the authentic natural toxin.
 CNR:
            5512295

 Author:
            Pairet, Michael; Ruckebusch, Yves
 Reference:
            Journal, JPPMAB, J.Pharm.Pharmacol., EN, 41, 1989, 757-761
 Title:
            On the Relevance of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in
            the Prevention of Paralytic Ileus in Rodents
 Abstract:
            In the mouse, the gastrointestinal transit of a charcoal marker,
            halved following the intraperitoneal administration of acetic
            acid, was no longer inhibited after pretreatment with the
            non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin,
            ketoprofen, piroxicam or ximoprofen (0.25-2.5 mg kg-1
            orally).In the fasted rat, the migrating myoelectric complex
            pattern of the small intestine which was disrupted for about one
            hour by acetic acid was unaltered by pretreatment with
            indomethacin or ximoprofen (0.5 mg kg-1 i.p.).In the
            anaesthetized rat, the inhibition by about 50 percent of the
            gastrointestinal transit due to laparotomy, did notoccur following
            treatment with NSAIDs.It is concluded that NSAIDs prevent
            the occurrence of chemically-induced and postoperative ileus in
            rodents, an effect probably related to the analgesic properties of
            NSAIDs.
 CNR:
            5917917

 Author:
            Kodama, Masaaki; Ogata, Takehiko; Sato, Shigeru
 Reference:
            Journal, ABCHA6, Agric.Biol.Chem., EN, 52, 4, 1988,
            1075-1078
 Title:
            Bacterial Production of Saxitoxin
 Abstract:
            A bacterium was isolated from the homogenate of
            Protogonyaulax tamarensis cells cultured inn T1 medium
            containing antibiotics.The culture broth after centrifugation, to
            remove the cells, and the bacterial cells contained a toxin that
            could kill mice with signs similar to those of poisoning by
            paralytic shellfish toxins or tetrodotoxin.The toxin in the
            cultured broth was identified as saxitoxin by TLC, HPLC and
            electrophoretic analyses.
 CNR:
            5884301


 Author:
            White, Kevin D.; Sphon, James A.; Hall, Sherwood
 Reference:
            Journal, ANCHAM, Anal.Chem., EN, 58, 3, 1986, 562-565
 Title:
            Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry of 12 Marine
            Toxins from Protogonyaulax
 Abstract:
            Twelve of the neurotoxins, including saxitoxin, that comprise
            paralytic shellfish poison have been characterized using
            positive ion gfast atom bombardment (FAB) mass
            spectrometry.The positive ion FAB spectra of these toxins
            afforded <M + H>+ ions and adduct ions.Ions correesponding
            to the loss of SO3 and water are observed.A series of fragment
            ions, probably produced by analogous processes, were also
            observed in the spectra of all toxins analyzed.
 CNR:
            5801980

 Author:
            Yasumura, Daisuke; Oshima, Yasukatsu; Yasumoto, Takeshi;
            Alcala, Angel C.; Alcala, Lawton C.
 Reference:
            Journal, ABCHA6, Agric.Biol.Chem., EN, 50, 3, 1986,
            593-598
 Title:
            Tetrodotoxin and Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Philippine Crabs
 Abstract:
            The frequent occurrence of lethal specimens of Zosimus
            aeneus and Atergatis floridus on southern Negros
            Island.Philippines, was confirmed by mouse lethality
            tests.Among eight specimens of Z. aeneus analyzed by
            fluorometric liquid chromatography, tetrodotoxin and its
            derivatives were dominant in five indicating the possible
            involvement of tetrodotoxin in human intoxication.The three
            other specimens of Z. aeneus and one specimen of A. floridus
            contained paralytic shellfish toxins as the major toxins.
 CNR:
            5883326


 Author:
            Varma, R. K.; Kaushal, R.; Junnarkar, A. Y.; Thomas, G. P.;
            Naidu, M. U. R.; et al.
 Reference:
            Journal, ARZNAD, Arzneim.Forsch., EN, 35, 5, 1985, 804-808
 Title:
            Polysorbate 80: A Pharmacological Study
 Abstract:
            Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80,
            Tween 80), a surfactant, has been widely used as a solvent for
            pharmacological experiments.In the present study, polysorbate
            80 was found to have toxicity of a low order in both the mice
            and rats when given by i.p. and p.o. routes.It produced mild to
            moderate depression of the central nervous system with a
            marked reduction in locomotor activity and rectal temperature,
            exhibited ataxia and paralytic activity and potentiated the
            pentobarbital sleeping time.On intravenous administration in
            dogs, it had a dose-dependent hypotensive effect.Polysorbate
            80 did not have a direct stimulant or relaxant effect on either
            guinea pig ileum or rat uterus, however, it antagonised the
            contractions induced by acetylcholine, histamine, barium,
            5-hydroxytryptamine and carbachol in a dose-dependent
            manner.A direct relaxant effect was observed on rabbit
            jejunum.A dose-dependent myocardial depressant effect was
            observed on guinea pig and rabbit paired atrial preparations.On
            the electrically-driven guinea pig left atrial preparation,
            polysorbate 80 exhibited a dose-dependent negative inotropic
            action.Polysorbate 80 did not induce diuresis in rats upto a dose
            of 2.5 ml/kg.The results of the present study indicate that
            polysorbate 80 can neither be used as a solvent for isolated
            tissue experiments nor when considered for intravenous
            administration.However, polysorbate 80 can be employed
            safely as a vehicle for neuropsychopharmacological
            experiments in doses not exceeding 1 ml/kg. - Key words:
            Polysorbate 80, pharmacology .Solvents .Surfactants .Tween 80
 CNR:
            5734328


 Author:
            Jacobi, Peter A.; Martinelli, Michael J.; Polanc, Slovenko
 Reference:
            Journal, JACSAT, J.Amer.Chem.Soc., EN, 106, 19, 1984,
            5594-5598
 Title:
            Total Synthesis of (+/-)-Saxitoxin
 Abstract:
            (+/-)-Saxitoxin (3), the paralytic agent of the Alaska butter clam
            Saxidomas giganteus, has been synthesized in a totally
            stereospecific fashion through a sequence involving as the key
            steps (a) an intramolecular 1,3-dipolar addition of an
            azomethine imine to a 2-imidazolone, (b) a reductive cleavage
            of the resulting pyrazolidine ring followed by intramolecular
            acylation, and (c) final elaboration of a bis(pseudourea) to the
            requisite guanidine functionality.
 CNR:
            5763193



-------------------------------------------------------------------
 Author:
            Stevens, Larry E.; Missel, Paul J.; Lang, John C.
 Reference:
            Journal, ANCHAM, Anal.Chem., EN, 64, 7, 1992, 715-723
 Title:
            Drug Release Profiles of Ophthalmic Formulations. 1.
            Instrumentation
 Abstract:
            An experimental method is described for measuring
            time-release profiles of drugs from various ophthalmic dosage
            forms.This in vitro method is carried out under conditions nearly
            representative of those observed in vivo.Specifically, we have
            reproduced in vitro the small volume and the slow exchange
            rate of the human precorneal tear reservoir.Volumes on the
            order of 8-30 mL are achievable.The concentration of drug
            downstream from the sample reservoir is analyzed nearly
            continuously and the entire release profiles are appropriate for
            modeling.This analytical system has been used to study drug
            release kinetics from controlled release formulations such as
            gels and suspensions.The method is compared with alternative
            techniques.
 CNR:
            5648813


 Author:
            Keister, J. C.; Cooper, E. R.; Missel, P. J.; Lang, J. C.; Hager,
            D. F.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPMSAE, J.Pharm.Sci., EN, 80, 1, 1991, 50-53
 Title:
            Limits on Optimizing Ocular Drug Delivery
 Abstract:
            The problem of optimizing ocular bioavailability of topically
            applied ophthalmic drugs is discussed.A formula for drug
            concentration in the tear film is derived using well-known
            pharmacokinetic relationships and a first-order drug decay
            model for the tear film.The time integral of the tear film
            concentration is then related to ocular bioavailability.The results
            of this analysis show that: (1) high corneal permeability
            (corresponding to lipophilic compounds) produces the highest
            bioavailability; (2) the bioavailability of drugs with high corneal
            permeability is relativ elly unaffected by drug volume; and (3)
            by making the dosage volume sufficiently small, a
            bioavailability improvement factor of ca. 4 can be obtained for
            drugs with low corneal permeability.
 CNR:
            5527004

 Author:
            Russell, Glen A.; Ngoviwatchai, Preecha; Tashtoush, Hasan I.;
            Pla-Dalmau, Anna; Khanna, Rajive K.
 Reference:
            Journal, JACSAT, J.Amer.Chem.Soc., EN, 110, 11, 1988,
            3530-3538
 Title:
            Reactions of Alkylmercurials with Heteroatom-Centered
            Acceptor Radicals
 Abstract:
            The relative reactivities of alkylmercury halides toward PhS.,
            PhSe., or I. decrease drastically from R = tert-butyl to R =
            sec-alkyl to R = n-butyl, indicative that R. is formed in the
            rate-determining step in the attack of these radicals upon
            RHgCl.The alkyl radicals thus formed will enter into chain
            reactions in which a heteroatom-centered radical (A.) is
            regenerated from substrates such as RS-SR, ArSe-SeAr,
            ArTe-TeAr, PhSe-SO2Ar, Cl-SO2Ph; ZCH=CHA (A = Cl, I,
            SPh, SO2Ph); or PhC<*>CHA (A = I, SPh, SO2Ph). b-Styrenyl
            (PhCH=CHA, Ph2C=CHA) and b-phenethynyl (PhC<*>CA)
            systems with A = I, Br, SO2Ph also enter into chain reactions
            with mercury(II) salts with the ligands PhS, PhSe, PhSO2, or
            (EtO)2PO.The relative reactivities of a series of reagents
            toward t-Bu. and of PhCH=CHA, Ph2C=CHA, and PhC<*>CA
            toward c-C6H11. are reported as well as the regioselectivity of
            t-Bu. attack observed for 1,2-disubstituted ethylenes
            (ZCH=CHA) with Z and A from the group Ph, Cl, Br, I,
            SO2Ph, SPh, Bu3Sn.Reactions of (E)- and (Z)-PhCH=CHI or
            MeO2CCH=CHI with t-Bu. or c-C6H11. occurred in a
            regioselective and stereospecific (retention) manner.Reactions
            of (E)- and (Z)-ClCH=CHCl occurred in a nonstereospecific
            manner in which the E/Z product ratio increased with the bulk
            of the attacking radical.A similar effect on the E/Z product
            ratios was observed for (Z)-MeO2CCH=CHCl.
 CNR:
            5731579

 Author:
            Sunamoto, Junzo; Iwamoto, Kiyoshi; Imokawa, Genji; Tsuchiya, Shuichi
 Reference:
            Journal, CPBTAL, Chem.Pharm.Bull., EN, 35, 7, 1987, 2958-2965
 Title:
            Possible Eye-Irritant Test Using Polysaccharide-Coated Liposemes as a Corneal
            Epithelium Model
 Abstract:
            An alternative nonanimal test to the Draize test to evaluate the eye irritancy of
            surfactans has been newly developed.The physicochemical lysis of liposomal
            membranes by various surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS),
            dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (BTC),
            tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (Sanisol M-100),
            benzyldimethyl-2-(2-p-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylphenoxy)ethoxyethylammonium
            chloride (Hyamine 1622), dodecanoyldiethanolamide (LDE), and
            polyoxyethylene (n=21)-sorbitan monostearate (Tween 80), was correlated with
            the results of the Draize test with the same surfactants.Egg phosphatidylcholine
            small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) coated with O-palmitoylamylopectinsulfonic
            acid were employed as a model of the human corneal epithelium.The lysis of
            liposomes with the surfactants was monitored quantitatively by following the
            release of carboxyfluorescein (CF) from the interior water phase of the
            liposomes suspended in an aqueous medium containing almost the same salt
            composition as that in the human tear film.The order of efficiencies of these
            surfactants in perturbing the liposomal membrane was Sanisol M-100>Hyamine
            1622>BTC>(Tween 80>)LDE>SDS.With the ecxeption of Tween 80, whose
            critical micelle concentration (cmc) is relatively low (9.6 x 10-4 M), compared
            with those of the other surfactants (approximately 5-7E-4 M) a reliable
            correlation was found between the results of animal and nonanimal tests.
            liposome, Draize test, eye irritancy, corneal epithelium
 CNR:
            5726514

 Author:
            Vleck, J. H.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 84, 17, 1980, 2091-2095
 Title:
            Reminiscences of My Scientific Rapport with R. S. Mulliken
 Abstract:
            Robert Mulliken was born in Newburyport, Mass., June 7,
            1896.There is now a street there named Mulliken.Way in his
            honor.His father was Professor of Organic Chemistry at MIT,
            and he learned chemical terminology at an early age by helping
            in proofreading.After graduating from MIT in 1917 he entered
            the armed services as a private, and at the end of the war he
            emerged a private first class.His rank was thus a more exalted
            one that mine, as I started and ended as an apprentice seaman
            third class, a position so lowly it has subsequently been
            abolished.Also, Mulliken had a more active career, for he was
            in the chemical warfare services, and reports that he worked in
            a room about the size of a living room filled with hoods
            containing every known kind of poison gas, cholorine, mustard
            gas, cyanide, sneeze gas, tear gas, you name it.The only water I
            saw in my naval career on State Street in Madison was that
            which I used to wash the barracks.
 CNR:
            5780109


---------------------------------------------------------------------

 Author:
            Rourhbaugh, Dennis K.; Yang, Yu-Chu; Ward, J. Richard
 Reference:
            Journal, PSSLEC, Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat.Elem., EN,
            44, 1989, 17-26
 Title:
            THE CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFONIUM
            CHLORIDES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS
            SPCTROMETRY AND THE DEGRADATION OF
            2-CHLOROETHYL SULFIDE DERIVATIVES
 Abstract:
            Three aqueous samples containing sulfonium chloride salts of
            both mustard gas (2,2'-dichlorodiethylsulfide) and its simulant
            2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide have been characterized by gas
            chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).Theese salts
            decompose thermallly to the sorresponding 2-chloroethyl and
            2-hydroxyethyl sulfides, therefore GC/MS analysis is not
            indicative of the true composition of these solutions.Small
            amounts of dithioethers characteristic of the decomposition of
            the dimeric salts were also detected.Electron Impact (EI)
            ionization produces a more intense molecular ion than methane
            chemical ionization (CI) for the dithioethers because of the ease
            of formation of sulfonium ions during chemical ionization.The
            composition products of four aged samples of 2-chloroethyl
            sulfides (RSCH2CH2Cl where R=methyl, ethyl, phenyl and
            benzyl groups) were also characterized by GC/MS, which
            indicated that decomposition of these compounds may proceed
            via dimeric sulfonium ions.Mustard gas was detected in all but
            one of the samples, providing evidence for secondary
            sulfonium cation formation in the degradation prcess.Keywords:
            Sulfonium chlorides; 2-chloroethyl sulfides; degradation;
            dimeric sulfonium cations; GC/MS characterization.
 CNR:
            5782905
