
explosive
10-20 - bad


 Author: 
           Lewis, I.R.; Daniel, N. W. Jr.; Chaffin, N. C.; Griffiths, P. R.; Tungol, M. W.
 Reference:
            Journal, SAMCAS, Spectrochim.Acta Part A, EN, 51, 12, 1995,
            1985-2000
 Title:
            Raman spectroscopic studies of explosive materials: towards a
            fieldable explosives detector
 Abstract:
            Raman spectroscopy, with red (632.8 nm) and near-infrared (785 and
            1064 nm) excitation, has been used to obtain high quality spectra of
            neat explosives.Samples with dimensions from a minimum size of 10
            mm have been analyzed utilizing a Raman microprobe fitted with a
            charge-coupled device (CCD) array detector.Little sample
            fluorescence is observed for 23 of the 32 high explosives using 632.8
            nm excitation and all of the samples can be measured with a 1064 nm
            Nd: YAG laser. 785 nm radiation affords an excellent compromise
            between sensitivity and fluorescence suppression.Problems of
            instrumentation and sample handling have been investigated.Spectra
            have been obtained for explosives, both neat and in plastic and glass
            containers.The feasibility of sampling explosives through colored
            glass, which is highly fluorescent in the visible, is also demonstrated.
 CNR:
            5996340

 Author:
            Hong, Xiaoyu; Chen, Sheah; Dlott, Dana D.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 99, 22, 1995, 9102-9109
 Title:
            Ultrafast Mode-Specific Intermolecular Vibrational Energy Transfer to
            Liquid Nitromethane
 Abstract:
            Using ultrafast infrared-Raman spectroscopy, which permits
            vibrationally selective pumping and probing of different molecules in
            polyatomic liquid solutions, efficient direct intermolecular vibrational
            mode-specific energy transfer is observed between alcohols and
            nitromethane in weakly associated complexes.Intermolecular transfer
            n(OH)MeOH -> n(NO2)NM, where n(OH)MeOH is an OH stretching
            vibration of methanol (w ca. 3600 cm-1) and n(NO2)NM is an NO2
            stretching vibration of nitromethane (w ca. 1400 cm-1), occurs with an
            efficiency about 45percent as great as the intramolecular process
            n(CH)NM -> n(NO2)NM, where n(CH)NM is a CH stretching vibration of
            nitromethane (w ca. 3000 cm-1).Ethanol and tert-butyl alcohol can also
            be vibrational energy donors, although the transfer efficiency to
            nitromethane decreases with increasing donor molecular
            weight.Diluting alcohol-nitromethane mixtures with CCl4 has little
            effect on intermolecular energy transfer.Experiments using deuterated
            donors and acceptors show the mechanism of intermolecular transfer
            involves first an intramolecular step or steps, resulting in $v(OH)MeOH
            -> d(CH)MeOH transfer, where d(CH)MeOH is a CH bending
            vibration.Then the dominant intermolecular process is d(CH)MeOH ->
            n(NO2)NM.A lesser contribution from the intermolecular process
            n(OH)MeOH -> n(CH)MeOH -> n(CH)NM (or n(CD)MeOD-> n(CD)NM) is also
            inferred.The likelihood that many higher energy vibrational excitations
            (w > 1600 cm-1) can undergo efficient intermolecular vibrational energy
            transfer to the NO2 group of nitromethane, a powerful explosive,
            suggests some intriguing possibilities for understanding energy
            concentration mechanisms which might lead to accidental detonations
            and four understanding why NO2 is ubiquitous in secondary
            explosives.
 CNR:
            5965795

 Author:
            Dobetti, L.; Grassano, A.; Foster, R.; Mazzei, N.; Cardillo, P.
 Reference:
            Journal, BCFAAI, Boll.Chim.Farm., EN, 134, 3, 1995, 133-134
 Title:
            Evaluation of explosive and explodibility parameters of drug as
            approach to preformulation study
 Abstract:
 CNR:
            5971185

 Author:
            Chen, Sheah; Hong, Xiaoyu; Hill, Jeffrey R.; Dlott, Dana D.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 99, 13, 1995, 4525-4530
 Title:
            Ultrafast Energy Transfer in High Explosives: Vibrational Cooling
 Abstract:
            Molecular mechanical energy transfer in energetic materials is
            investigated because of the likely possibility of a relationship between
            energy transfer rates and impact sensitivities.Energy transfer in the
            liquid high explosive nitromethane (NM) is studied by picosecond
            infrared pumping of C-H stretching vibrations (ca. 3000 cm-1) and
            picosecond incoherent anti-Stokes Raman probing of six lower energy
            Raman-active vibrations in the 1400-480 cm-1 range.Vibrational
            cooling of C-H excited NM is shown to require at least 200 ps.During
            vibrational cooling, substantial transient overheating is observed in the
            higher energy vibrations in the 1400-900 cm-1 range.Overheating
            refers to instantaneous vibrational quasitemperatures which are
            temporarily greater than the final temperature of the bulk liquid.The
            overheating and the increasing delay in the rise of excitation in certain
            vibrations is used to infer that ladder (cascade) type vibrational cooling
            processes are important in ambient temperature NM.Molecular
            thermometry is used to estimate the absolute efficiencies of energy
            transfer between some of the pumped and probed vibrations.This
            detailed study of energy transfer in a high explosive presents a more
            complete picture than the relatively simplified theoretical models for
            energetic material initiation presently in use.
 CNR:
            5952671

 Author:
            Brill, T. B.; James, K. J.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 97, 34, 1993, 8752-8758
 Title:
            Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. 61. Perfidy in the
            Amino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene Series of Explosives
 Abstract:
            The numerous electronic, molecular, crystal, and explosive variables
            in the series 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4,6-trinitroaniline (MATB),
            diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DATB), and
            triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) give 153 nearly linear
            correlations.While some of these positive correlations have been cited
            previously as important, the molecular mechanism of the trend in the
            shock and impact sensitivity remains unclear because these
            correlations disguise the fact that signigicant differences exist in the
            critical thermal reactions.Arrhenius data suggest that C-NO2 homo;ysis
            is the initial decomposition reaction during impact and shock initiation
            in all cases.The lower activation energy cyclization process of MATB,
            DATB, and TATB to furazan/furoxan products can be overstepped at
            shock and impact initiation temperatures.However, C-NO2 homolysis
            does not account for the trend in sensitivity because the activation
            energy is relatively insensitive to the ring substituents.The trend in
            energy released by the intermediate reactions as reflected in the
            gaseous product distribution of TNB, MATB, DATB, and TATB at 520
            deg C appears to be important.The contribution to the total heat from
            the exothermic products (CO, CO2, HNCO) decreases and that from
            the endothermic products (NO, N2O, HCN) increases as NH2 groups
            are added.
 CNR:
            5808582

 Author:
            Brill, T. B.; James, K. J.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 97, 34, 1993, 8759-8763
 Title:
            Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. 62. Reconciliation of
            the Kinetics and Mechanisms of TNT on the Time Scale from
            Microseconds to Hours
 Abstract:
            An analysis is described of the kinbetics and mechanisms of thermal
            decomposition of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in the bulk phase.The
            basis is the decomposition kinetics of mono-, di-, and trinitrobenzene
            and the corresponding toluene derivatives in the temperature
            dimensions.Below about 770 deg C (>100ms reaction time), the
            initiation chemistry is dominated by oxidation reactions of the methyl
            group.Above about 770 deg C C-NO2 homolysis dominates the
            initiation process.Shock initiation is therefore domonated by C-NO2
            homolysis while -CH3 group oxidation and C-NO2 homolysis compete
            in controlling impact initiation.Neither of these processes controls the
            time-to-explosion at times longer than 0.1 s.Instead, time-to-explosion
            is controlled by catalysis from the decomposition products of TNT.This
            analysis reconciles conflicting observations and statements previously
            made about the chemical mechanisms that control the explosive
            behavior of TNT.
 CNR:
            5808583

 Author:
            Cahill, S.; Bulusu, S.
 Reference:
            Journal, MRCHEG, Magn.Reson.Chem., EN, 31, 8, 1993, 731-735
 Title:
            Molecular Complexes of Explosives with Cyclodextrins I.
            Characterization of Complexes with the Nitramines RDX, HMX and
            TNAZ in Solution by 1H NMR Spin-Lattice Relaxation Time
            Measurements
 Abstract:
            Inclusion complex formation between the explosive molecules of the
            nitramine type, RDX, HMX and TNAZ, and cyclodextrins (a, b and g)
            was studied in aqueous solution by means of 1H spin-lattice relaxation
            time (T1) measurements.The results show that nitramines bind to
            cyclodextrins in solution; RDX and HMX bind most strongly to
            g-cyclodextrin whereas TNAZ binds most strongly to
            b-cyclodextrin.The dynamic coupling coefficient and dissociation
            constant were determined for the complex of TNAZ with
            b-cyclodextrin.The values obtained suggest that TNAZ forms a
            relatively weak complex with b-cyclodextrin (Kd = 1.8 x 10-2 M) that
            displays considerable motion in the complex with respect to
            cyclodextrin (coupling coefficient = 0.23).This method of using 1H T1
            measurements for characterizing complex formation in solution, while
            limited to guest molecules containing a pair of protons having a fixed
            internuclear distance, is shown to be useful when
            complexation-induced chemical shifts are too small to be
            significant.KEYWORDS: 1H NMR 1H spin-lattice relaxation Nitramines
            Inclusion complexes Cyclodextrins
 CNR:
            5817110

 Author:
            Davies, John P.; Blackwood, Larry G.; Davis, Sean G.; Goodrich,
            Lorenzo D.; Larson, Ronald A.
 Reference:
            Journal, ANCHAM, Anal.Chem., EN, 65, 21, 1993, 3004-3009
 Title:
            Design and Calibration of Pulsed Vapor Generators for
            2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, Cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine, and
            Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
 Abstract:
            Computer-controlled pulsed explosive vapor generators for
            2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine
            (RDX), and pentaerythritol (PETN) were built and calibrated to support
            an independent validation and verification facility for explosive
            detection systems for the Federal Aviation Administration at the Idaho
            National Engineering Laboratory..The explosive vapor generators will
            be used as quantitative vapor standards to establish the lower limits of
            detection of explosive detection systems.The generators were
            constructed using pure explosive suspended on quartz beads which
            were then loaded into a stainless steel tube.The tube was coiled and
            placed into a temperature-controlled chamber.A carrier gas (ultrapute
            air) was passed through the coil to carry the explosive mnolecules.The
            generators are capable of delivering a pulse of varying explosive mass
            through the control of coil temperature, airflow rate, and pulse
            width.Preliminary calibrations have been completed in the picogram to
            nanogram range using an ion mobility spectrometer as the calibrating
            instrument.
 CNR:
            5845553

 Author:
            Whelan, James P.; Kusterbeck, Anne W.; Wemhoff, Gregory A.;
            Bredehorst, Reinhard; Ligler, Frances S.
 Reference:
            Journal, ANCHAM, Anal.Chem., EN, 65, 24, 1993, 3561-3565
 Title:
            Continuous-Flow Immunosensor for Detection of Explosives
 Abstract:
            A continuous-flow immunosensor for detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT)
            in aqueous solution is described.The sensor utilizes an immobilized
            monoclonal antibody specific for TNT and saturated with
            fluorescein-labeled antigen.When introduced into the flow stream
            through the column, samples containing unlabeled antigen displace
            the bound labeled antigen.The displaced labeled antigen is detected
            downstream using a fluorometer.The displacement of labeled antigen
            is directly proportional to the concentration of unlabeled antigen
            applied to the column over a range of 20 to 1200 ng/mL (ppb).The
            sensitivity is increased when solvents (ethanol or 2-propanol) are
            included in the flow buffer at concentrations up to 25percent (v/v).By
            use of a cyclone air sampler and a TNT vapor generator, TNT could be
            detected in collected samples.The flow immunosensor provides the
            means to detect trace levels of TNT with high specificity in times of
            less than 1 min.Such qualities make the flow immunosensor a
            promising low-cost alternative to explosive detection devices currently
            available to transportation and security industries.
 CNR:
            5853222

 Author:
            Flippen-Anderson, Judith L.; Gilardi, Richard D.; Pitt, Adrian M.; Wilson,
            William S.
 Reference:
            Journal, AJCHAS, Aust.J.Chem., EN, 45, 3, 1992, 513-524
 Title:
            Synthesis and Explosive Properties of Benzotriazoles
 Abstract:
            Treatment of nitro-substituted 2-aminodiphenylamines in acetic acid
            with either nitric acid or nitrous acid yielded nitro-substituted
            1-phenylbenzotriazoles, which may be further nitrated with nitric or
            mixed acid.These materials have been examined as potential
            energetic materials, with particular reference to their densities,
            calculated explosive properties and sensitiveness, especially impact
            sensitivity.
 CNR:
            5644587

 Author:
            Freyer, Alan J.; Lowe-Ma, Charlotte K.; Nissan, Robin A.; Wilson,
            William S.
 Reference:
            Journal, AJCHAS, Aust.J.Chem., EN, 45, 3, 1992, 525-539
 Title:
            Synthesis and Explosive Properties of Dinitropicrylbenzimidazoles,
            and the 'Trigger Linkage' in Dinitropicrylbenzotriazoles
 Abstract:
            The synthesis of certain dinitropicrylbenzimidazoles and their structural
            elucidation are described.The explosive properties are discussed, and
            compared with those of the corresponding benzotriazoles.These
            comparisons allow the identification of the Pic-N-N=N moiety as
            containing the 'trigger linkage' for impact initiation of
            picrylbenzotriazoles.
 CNR:
            5644588

 Author:
            Singh, Gurdip; Kapoor, Inder Pal Singh
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 96, 3, 1992, 1215-1220
 Title:
            Kinetics of Thermolysis of Ring-Substituted Arylammonium
            Perchlorates
 Abstract:
            Ring-substituted arylammonium perchlorates have been prepared and
            characterized gravimetrically.Thermal and explosive characteristics of
            these salts are studied by TG and explosion delay measurements.The
            explosion temperatures (ET), energies of activation for decomposition
            (Ed) and explosion (E*) were found to be linearly related with pKa
            values of the corresponding arylamines.Further, these parameters
            have also been found to be related with Hammett substituent constant
            (s).The proton-transfer process seems to be the primary step involved
            during decomposition and explosion reactions of these salts.
 CNR:
            5652434

 Author:
            Naud, Darren L.; Brower, Kay R.
 Reference:
            Journal, JOCEAH, J.Org.Chem., EN, 57, 12, 1992, 3303-3308
 Title:
            Pressure Effects on the Thermal Decomposition of Nitramines,
            Nitrosamines, and Nitrate Esters
 Abstract:
            Solutions of nitramine and nitrate ester explosives and model
            compounds were thermolyzed at various hydrostatic pressures and
            their rates of decomposition were measured.The effects of pressure on
            their rates were used to infer the mechanism of their initial
            decomposition steps.Most nitramines, including the explosive
            octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), appear to
            undergo homolysis of the N-NO2 bond, because their reaction rates
            decrease with increasing pressure.Exceptions are
            hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and the model compound,
            6-nitro-1,2-dinitroso-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline, which react faster
            with increasing pressure.These two compounds can aromatize by
            elimination of HNO2 and HNO, respectively.Secondary nitrate esters
            shift their major decomposition pathway from homolysis of the O-NO2
            bond to elimination of HNO3 in the pressure range of 0.4 to 0.8
            GPa.The elimination reaction resembles carboxylate ester pyrolysis
            with E1 character.
 CNR:
            5658699

 Author:
            Sharma, J.; Beard, B. C.; Chaykovsky, M.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 95, 3, 1991, 1209-1213
 Title:
            Correlation of Impact Sensitivity with Electronic Levels and Structure of
            Molecules
 Abstract:
            Explosive impact sensitivity among the homologous series of
            compounds, TNB to TATB, has been found to demonstrate a linear
            correlation with shake-up promotion energy.The shake-up transition
            observed in the N(1s) and O(1s) X-ray photoemission spectra is a
            direct probe of the energy separation between valence molecular
            orbitals at the ionized atom.Conversion of the impact energy to thermal
            initiation is assumed equivalent among this series of compounds due
            to their structural similarity, thus making the chemical reactivity the
            determiner of relative explosive sensitivity.TATB analogue compounds
            demonstrate a shake-up energy/impact sensitivity correlation with a
            different slope.The change in the slope is attributed to alteration in the
            physical coupling of impact energy due to differing structure of the
            analogue compounds.
 CNR:
            5537652

 Author:
            Akhavan, Jacqueline
 Reference:
            Journal, SAMCAS, Spectrochim.Acta Part A, EN, 47, 9, 1991,
            1247-1250
 Title:
            Analysis of high-explosive samples by Fourier transform Raman
            spectroscopy
 Abstract:
            The application of spectroscopic techniques to the detection an
            identification of explosive materials is of considerable importance in
            forensic investigations.However, forensic scientists do not routinely
            use conventional Raman spectroscopy in their analysis.This is due to
            the problems of high background scatter and time-consuming sample
            alignment.The development of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy
            has overcome these problems.Using this technique three samples of
            different batches of Semtex labelled Semtex A, Semtex B and Semtex
            C were analysed.Semtex A was found to contain the explosive
            cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), Semtex B contained
            pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and Semtex C contained a mixture
            of RDX and PETN.
 CNR:
            5591063

 Author:
            Haas, Alois; Kasprowski, Joerg; Angermund, Klaus; Betz, Peter;
            Krueger, Carl; et al.
 Reference:
            Journal, CHBEAM, Chem.Ber., GE, 124, 9, 1991, 1895-1906
 Title:
            Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Cyclothiaselenazenium
            Cations <Se2N2S>2(2+), <XSe2N2S>(1+), <Se2N2S>(2+),
            <SeS3N5>(1+) as well as Cl2Se2N2S and SeSN2*TiCl4
 Abstract:
            Bis(sulfinylamino)selane (1), prepared from Se2Cl2 and
            (CH3)3SiNSO, reacts with Lewis acids such as MF5 (M = As, Sb, Nb)
            and BF3 to form bis(1,3,4,2,5-thiadiselenadiazolium) cations (3) with
            counter anions AsF6(1-) (3a), SbF6(1-) (3b), NbF6(1-) (3c), BF4(1-)
            (3d).Treatment of Se2Cl2 with LiN<Si(CH3)3>2 leads to
            <(CH3)3Si>2NSexN<Si(CH3)3>2 (x = 1, 2a; 2, 2b).From 2a and SeCl4
            explosive Se4N4 is obtained.Chlorination of 3a and 3c gives
            <ClSe2N2S>(1+)<MF6>(1-) (M = As, 4a and Nb, 4c).Analogous
            bromination of 3a provides <BrSe2N2S>(1+)<AsF6>(1-) (4b).This type
            of chlorinated five-membered rings is also obtained directly from 1 and
            SbCl5 and PCl5 or SeCl4.The products isolated are
            <ClSe2N2S>(1+)<SbCl6>(1-) (4d) and <ClSe2N2S>(1+)Cl(1-) (4e). - A
            covalent species 5, isomeric to 4e, is obtained from 1 and POCl3, and
            a four-membered ring SeSN2*TiCl4 (6) from 1 and TiCl4.When 3a or 1
            is treated with a two- or threefold excess of AsF5 the stable dication
            <Se2N2S>(2+) (7) is formed.It arises also from 4e and
            AgAsF6.Attempts to replace TiCl4 in 6 by AsF5 lead to
            <SeS3N5>(1+)<AsF6>(1-) (8) with a bicyclic structure for the
            cation.X-ray structure analysis for 1, 4c, 4d, 4e, 5, and 8 are performed.
            Key words: Selane, bis(sulfinylamido)-, Diselane, trimethylsilyl,
            1,3,4,2,5-Thiadiselenadiazolium, 1,3,2,4-Thiaselenadiazete-Titanium
            tetrachloride
 CNR:
            5599500

 Author:
            Kinsel, Gary R.; Lindner, Josef; Grotemeyer, Juergen
 Reference:
            Journal, ORMSBG, Org.Mass Spectrom., EN, 26, 12, 1991, 1052-1056
 Title:
            Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption of Neutral Organic Molecules
 Abstract:
            Results of initial investigations of matrix-assisted laser desorption (LD)
            of neutral molecules are presented.The investigations were performed
            using gramicidine D as the test molecule, since both the
            wavelength-dependent LD behaviour and the ionization and
            fragmentation behaviour of the pure material had been studied
            previously.Comparisons between previously reported results for the
            pure compound and the matrix mixtures used in these studies are
            made.The results show that , whereas no signal could be observed
            from the pure sample material at non-resonant desorbing wavelengths,
            addition of a strongly absorbing matrix to the sample initiated LD of
            abundant intact neutral sample molecules.The results are discussed in
            the light of previous studies of the LD mechanism and support an
            explosive, mechanically driven model for the LD process.
 CNR:
            5648915

 Author:
            Hodges, Colin M.; Akhavan, Jacqueline
 Reference:
            Journal, SAMCAS, Spectrochim.Acta Part A, EN, 46, 2, 1990, 303-307
 Title:
            The use of Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy in the forensic
            identification of illicit drugs and explosives
 Abstract:
            For routine identification of forensic samples many techniques are
            employed.These include ultraviolet spectrophotometry, combined gas
            chromatography-mass spectroscopy together with high performance
            liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder
            diffraction.Conventional Raman spectroscopy is not routinely used by
            forensic laboratories for the identification of drugs and explosives
            because high background scatter and time consuming sample
            alignment.One way of overcoming these problems is to use the newly
            developed technique of Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy.Here
            negligible sample alignment is required, and there is reduced sample
            fluorescence.FTR spectra were recorded of pure and contaminated
            illicit drug samples, together with some explosive
            materials.Identification of an unknown explosive (Semtex) was also
            conducted.FTR provides a simple and satisfactory method of
            identifying certain drugs and explosives.The technique is
            non-destructive, utilizing small samples with no sample preparation
            being required.
 CNR:
            5505193

 Author:
            Mittelbach, Martin; Poklukar, Norbert; Junek, Hans
 Reference:
            Journal, LACHDL, Liebigs Ann.Chem., GE, 2, 1990, 185-188
 Title:
            Ozonolysis of Olefins, I. - Ozonolysis of 1,4-Cyclohexadiene and
            Acid-Catalysed Reaction of Primary Cleavage Products
 Abstract:
            The reaction of 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1) with ozone under different
            reaction conditions was investigated.Complete ozonolysis of 1 in
            chloroform led to a highly explosive ozonide.Oxidative ozonolysis gave
            malonic acid in 30percent yield, ozonolysis in alcoholic solutions of
            HCl gave alkyl 3,3-dialkoxypropionates 3 in 60-70percent yield and
            small amounts of the 1,1,3,3-tetraalkoxypropane 4 as well as dialkyl
            malonate 5.Partial ozonolysis of1 in HCl/methanol led to a mixture of
            3,5 and the corresponding (Z)-3-hexene derivatives 6a-c.Depending
            on the reaction time and concentration of HCl, also the two methanol
            addition products 7b and 7d could be obtained.To verify the structure of
            these two compounds, 4-methoxycyclohexene (8) was ozonized in
            HCl/methanol, which gave a mixture of 7a-d.
 CNR:
            5505898

 Author:
            Hassner, Alfred; Stern, Meir; Gottlieb, Hugo E.; Frolow Felix
 Reference:
            Journal, JOCEAH, J.Org.Chem., EN, 55, 8, 1990, 2304-2306
 Title:
            Utility of a Polymeric Azide Reagent in the Formation of Di- and
            Triazidomethane. Their NMR Spectra and X-ray Structure of Derived
            Triazoles
 Abstract:
            The use of a polymeric azidation reagent for the preparation of
            explosive azidomethanes at ambient temperature is described.Thus,
            methyl iodide was converted into methyl azide, methylene bromide
            and methylene chloride into diazido methane, and bromoform into
            triazido methane. 1H and 13C NMR spectra, including 1JCH, of the
            azidomethanes are described.The X-ray diffraction of derived triazole
            adducts 4 and 5 confirms the structure assignment and indicates in the
            case of 5 a 1,5-sigmatropic alkyl rearrangement.
 CNR:
            5514188

 Author:
            Engelke, Ray; Stine, James R.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 94, 15, 1990, 5689-5694
 Title:
            Is N8 Cubane Stable?
 Abstract:
            The question of N8 cubane's stability is adressed via ab initio
            calculations.An Oh symmetry stationary point is found on the energy
            hypersurface for all three levels of theory used; these were restricted
            Hartree-Fock (RHF) self-consistent-field theory using STO-3G, 4-31G,
            and 4-31G* basis sets.Vibrational frequency calculations, at the same
            three levels of theory, all indicate that the cubic structure is stable.The
            effect of correlation on the stable structure energies is examined with
            Moeller-Plesset perturbation theory up to fourth order; these
            post-Hartree-Fock calculations were performed at the RHF optimized
            geometries.The calculations indicate that, if it could be synthesized, N8
            cubane would be a highly energetic material, metastable to
            dissociation to four N2 molecules; the energy release for this reaction
            is predicted to be 530 +/- 50 kcal/mol.The energy barrier to dissociation
            is estimated via reaction coordinate calculations.The <4+4+4+4>
            symmetry-forbidden N8 -> 4N2 concerted reaction has an activation
            barrier of about 162 kcal/mol at the RHF/4-31G* level.This dissociation
            could also take place as a sequence of four <2+2> symmetry-forbidden
            reactions.Each of these <2+2> reactions would probably have a
            reaction barrier of roughly 40 kcal/mol - this suggests that N8 cubane
            may be a reasonable stable structure.Estimates are given of the mass
            density of condensed-phase N8, along with predicted values of its
            Chapman-Jouguet detonation velocity and pressure.It appears that
            condensed-phase N8 would be a very powerful chemical explosive.
 CNR:
            5521395

 Author:
            Blais, N.C.; Stine, J.R.
 Reference:
            Journal, JCPSA6, J.Chem.Phys., EN, 93, 11, 1990, 7914-7922
 Title:
            A model of reactive dynamics in a detonation
 Abstract:
            Classical trajectories are used to examine the importance of
            many-body interactions in the chemical reactivity of condensed phase
            explosives under the high density conditions that are characteristic of a
            detonation wave.We have constructed a model based on the explosive
            liquid nitric oxide, and we examine how reactions occur when the
            system is compressed rapidly to about double liquid density.The
            probability of reaction is investigated with a realistic potential energy
            surface that is derived for six atoms but is equally applicable to four
            atoms.The model was found to have the proper energy characteristics
            to simulate an explosive material.We find that the probability of forming
            detonation products is higher for six atoms than for four atoms, ranging
            from a factor of 4 to a factor of 25 depending on the potential; more
            than can be accounted for on the basis of a statistical analysis.The
            details of the trajectories that lead to reaction products differ
            considerably between the four- and six-atom trials.We found that the
            four-atom system required higher compressions than the six-atom
            system for reactions to occur.This seems to indicate that the four-atom
            system needs a more symmetrical arrangement of bonds to react as
            compared to scarcely any symmetry requirements for six atoms.
 CNR:
            5527472

 Author:
            Rudel, P; Odiot, S; Mutin, JC; Peyrard, M
 Reference:
            Journal, JCPBAN, J.Chim.Phys.Phys.Chim.Biol., FR, 87, 7/8, 1990,
            1307-1344
 Title:
            Structure cristalline et caractere detonique des cristaux moleculaires
            nitres
 Abstract:
            In order to understand the origin of the characteristic detonic behavior
            of an energetic compound in the solid state, some crystalline structure
            conditions are investigated.A comparative analysis between two nitro
            containing compound series, explosive and non explosive, is made.At
            a macroscopic level the volumic density in NO2 (rN), is defined.Its
            critical value allows distinguishing among 46 nitro compounds
            between those which are explosive and those that are not.The index
            rN correlates with the detonation velocity and gives an idea of the
            probability of having associations in the crystal molecular chains
            between NO2 groups.These intermolecular interactions are the
            supports of shock-induced detonation propagation.At a microscopic
            level, using crystallographic analysis as visualized by graphics,
            longitudinal chains (detonation) are dissociated from transversal ones
            (energy dispersion), the more or less rigidity of which favours more or
            less the velocity and even in quenching the detonation.Detonation
            anisotropy in a monocrystal may be understood in part with this result.
 CNR:
            5534542

 Author:
            Gollnick, Klaus; Paulmann, Uwe
 Reference:
            Journal, TELEAY, Tetrahedron Lett., GE, 30, 34, 1989, 4481-4484
 Title:
            ELEKTRONEN-TRANSFER-INDUZIERTE PHOTOOXYGENIERUNG
            VON 1-ARYL-SUBSTITUIERTEN TRICYCLO<4.1.0.02,7>HEPTANEN
 Abstract:
            Electron-transfer induced photooxygenations of highly strained
            1-(2-thienyl)- and 1-(4-tolyl)-substituted tricyclo<4.1.0.02,7>heptanes
            (1c and 1d, respectively) yield very explosive peroxides, which
            rearrange in solution to 7:3-mixtures of epoxyketones (4c and 4d,
            respectively) and epoxyaldehydes (5c and 5d, respectively).Evidence
            for the structure of the peroxide as the monomeric endoperoxide 3 is
            presented.
 CNR:
            5546513

 Author:
            Schmid, Raimund; Straehle, Joachim
 Reference:
            Journal, ZNBSEN, Z.Naturforsch.B, EN, 44, 2, 1989, 105-109
 Title:
            Synthesis and Structure of Trimeric
            1,5-Bis(p-ethoxyphenyl)pentaazadienido-copper(I) - A Complex with
            Short Cu-Cu Contacts in a Linear Cu3(3+) Unit
 Abstract:
            From a saturated solution of EtOC6H4N2NHN2C6H4OEt in aqueous
            ammonia and Cu(NH3)4(2+) dark brown Cu(EtOC6H4N5C6H4OEt)2
            (1) is obtained as an explosive precipitate.Upon heating in pyridine 1 is
            reduced to trimeric 1,5-bis(p-ethoxyphenyl)pentaazadienido copper(I)
            (2). 2 forms air-stable red crystals with the rhombohedral space group
            R<*> and the lattice constants a = 1371.2(4) pm, a = 86.88(3) deg and
            Z = 2.In 2 a linear Cu3(3+) chain is coordinated by the atoms N1, N3
            and N5 of three pentaazadienido ligands, such that each Cu atom
            obtains a trigonal planar coordination by three N atoms.As 2 is located
            on the threefold axis of the space group R<*>, it has the symmetrie
            C3.The distances Cu2-N3 = 192.7 pm to the more basic central atoms
            N3 are shorter than the distances Cu1-N1 = 205.7 and Cu3-N5 = 201.5
            pm to the outer N atoms of the N5 chains.The pentaazadienido ligand
            forms a planar N5 zig-zag chain with distances in the range of 127.8 to
            135.4 pm.The very short Cu-Cu distances of 234.8 and 236.1 pm can
            be explained by bonding interactions between the d10 centers. -
            Keywords: Tris<1,5-bis(p-ethoxyphenyl)pentaazadienido-copper(I)>,
            Synthesis, Structure, d10-d10 Interactions
 CNR:
            5770192

 Author:
            Trott, Wayne M.; Renlund, Anita M.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 92, 21, 1988, 5921-5925
 Title:
            Single-Pulse Raman Scattering Study of Triaminotrinitrobenzene
            under Shock Compression
 Abstract:
            Pulsed-laser-excited Raman scattering methods have been used to
            examine the dynamic molecular-level response of an explosive
            molecule (triaminotrinitrobenzene, TATB) to sustained shock loading
            at a fused silica window interface.The anomalous behavior of Raman
            modes associated with nitro groups in the molecule (the 881 cm-1 NO2
            deformation mode, the 1146 cm-1 symmetric C-NO2 stretching mode,
            and the 1170 cm-1 totally symmetric NO2 stretching mode) is
            compared to results obtained under static high pressure.The shock
            compression data indicate that elevated temperatures act to restrain
            pressure-enhanced coupling of NO2 and NH2 groups in the
            molecule.Differences in the spectra obtained under static and dynamic
            high-pressure conditions are discussed in relation to the known
            insensitivity of TATB to shock initiation.
 CNR:
            5785091

 Author:
            Boileau, J.
 Reference:
            Journal, MCLCA5, Mol.Cryst.Liq.Cryst., FR, 156, 1988, 149-166
 Title:
            CHIMIE ET PHYSIQUE DES EXPLOSIFS ORGANIQUES SOLIDES
 Abstract:
            After some definitions of explosion, deflagration, detonation, explosible
            products and explosives, a systematic approach is described, through
            functions fulfilled by a detonation with associated constraints.Some
            chemical groups (-NO2, -NO, -N3 -NF2,..) can give a molecule an
            explosive character.The effect of the -NO2 group is described in more
            detail.The high explosives are mostly used as mixtures.The loading
            processes are reviewed, especially for the plastic bonded explosives
            and, among them, the "composite exlosives".In the last part the
            knowledge about the mechanisms of the detonation at macroscopic
            and molecular levels is examined.Some new results are given
            concerning this difficult problem and some suggestions are made
            about tentative ways of approach.
 CNR:
            5862222

 Author:
            PACE, M. D.
 Reference:
            Journal, MCLCA5, Mol.Cryst.Liq.Cryst., EN, 156, 1988, 167-174
 Title:
            ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE OF ULTRAVIOLET
            IRRADIATED HMX SINGLE CRYSTALS
 Abstract:
            The secondary explosive HMX (octahydro-
            1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) undergoes thermal and photolytic
            decomposition to produce free radical products.This is firmly
            established by studies using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
            spectroscopy.In this study paramagnetic .NO2 molecules are shown to
            form during ultraviolet photolysis of single crystals of HMX at 77K.The
            .NO2 molecules are highly ordered in the monoclinic crystal lattice of
            HMX.EPR spectra of different alignments of the HMX crystal relative to
            the applied magnetic field direction indicate .NO2 formation at the
            N(3)-N(4) bond location of the HMX molecule.This differs from our
            previous study of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine) which
            indicates .NO2 formation at the axial and equatorial N-N bond
            positions of the RDX molecule as a result of ultraviolet photolysis.
 CNR:
            5862223

 Author:
            Miller, Joel S.; Glatzhofer, Daniel T.; Calabrese, Joseph C.; Epstein, Arthur
            J.
 Reference:
            Journal, JCCCAT, J.Chem.Soc.Chem.Commun., EN, 4, 1988, 322-323
 Title:
            A New Polymorph of
            4,4'-(Butadiyne-1,4-diyl)-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-oxyl)
 Abstract:
            A new polymorph of the title diradical has been characterized by X-ray
            diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility; its
            radiation induced polymerization has not been achieved, but thermal
            treatment turns the crystals black and explosive decomposition occurs at
            ca. 140 degC.
 CNR:
            5934881

 Author:
            Bell, Anthony J.; Eadie, Elizabeth; Read, Roger W.; Skelton, Brian W.;
            White, Allan H.
 Reference:
            Journal, AJCHAS, Aust.J.Chem., EN, 40, 1, 1987, 175-186
 Title:
            2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitrobiphenyl-3,3',5,5'-tetramine: Synthesis and
            Comparison of Physicochemical Properties with Those of Other Amino
            Nitro Biphenyls
 Abstract:
            A synthesis of 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrobiphenyl-3,3',5,5'-tetramine, the
            most highly aminated of a series of hexanitrobiphenyl explosives, is
            described, and its physical and spectroscopic characteristics
            determined.The thermal properties and impact sensitiveness of the
            explosive have been studied, and the substance has been found to be
            relatively unstable to heat and more sensitive to impact than expected
            by comparison with other aminated polynitroaromatic
            compounds.Evidence is provided which suggests that, contrary to
            present understanding, the introduction of aminogroups into such
            nitroaromatics may decrease their thermal stability and lower their
            chemical stability sufficiently to allow partial decomposition at low
            impact energies.The structure of the tetramine has been determined by
            X-ray crystallography, and the features likely to be responsible for the
            unexpected physicochemical properties of the tetramine are discussed
            based on this.
 CNR:
            5700998

 Author:
            Sharma, J.; Forbes, J. W.; Coffey, C. S.; Liddiard, T. P.
 Reference:
            Journal, JPCHAX, J.Phys.Chem., EN, 91, 19, 1987, 5139-5144
 Title:
            The Physical and Chemical Nature of Sensitization Centers Left from
            Hot Spots Caused in Triaminotrinitrobenzene by Shock or Impact
 Abstract:
            Samples of triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), a well-known explosive,
            were taken to the brink of ignition by either underwater shock or impact
            and were investigated for the generation of hot spots.SEM was used
            for detecting, locating, and measuring the size of the hot spot
            remnants.These were found to be tiny ragged holes in the explosive
            whith a fine deposit of debris near them.By use of XPS, a specially
            surface-sensitive technique, it was found that the debris consisted of
            furoxan and furazan derivatives of TATB produced from its
            decomposition.The furoxans are far more sensitive than TATB and
            constitute sensitization centers where reaction can easily restart during
            handling of the explosive.The hot spot sites were of micron size for the
            impacted samples and an order of magnitude smaller for the
            underwater-shocked samples.
 CNR:
            5781897

 Author:
            Schmid, Raimund; Beck, Johannes; Straehle, Joachim
 Reference:
            Journal, ZNBSEN, Z.Naturforsch.B, GE, 42, 7, 1987, 911-916
 Title:
            Synthesis and Properties of Pentaazadienido Complexes of Divalent
            Cobalt. The Crystal Structure of <Co(OCH3)(tolNNNNNtol)>6*2 C9H12
 Abstract:
            Co(tolNNNNNtol)2 (1) is obtained from solutions of
            1,5-di-p-tolyl-1,4-pentaazadiene and CoCl2*6 H2O in aqueous
            ammonia.It is a paramagnetic, explosive, red compound which reacts
            with alcohols to the alcoholates Co(OR)(tolNNNNNtol).The methoxy
            complex is hexameric.It crystallizes from mesitylene/methanol as
            <Co(OCH3)(tolNNNNNtol)>6*2 C9H12 in the triclinic space group P<*>
            with the lattice constants: a = 1667.1(5), b = 1784.2(5), c = 2159.2(6)
            pm, a = 93.05(3) deg, b = 96.10(2) deg, g = 64.63(2) deg, Z = 2.In the
            hexameric complex six Co atoms and six methoxy groups form a
            central twelve membered Co-O ring with a symmetry close to D3d.The
            pentaazadienide ligands act as additional bridges between two Co
            atoms, coordinating one Co atom monodentate with N1 and the other
            Co atom bidentate with N3 and N5.This leads to alternating tetrahedral
            and octahedral coordination of the Co atoms.The average Co-O
            distances are 192.3 pm in the CoO2N2 tetrahedron and 198.0 pm in the
            CoO2N4 octahedron.The corresponding Co-N distances are 206.3 and
            221.4 pm respectively.In the planar N5 zigzag chain slightly elongated
            double bonds N1-N2 and N4-N5 of 128.2 pm and partial double bonds
            N2-N3 and N3-N4 of approximately 134.6 pm are observed. -
            Bis<1,5-ditolyl-1,4-pentaazadienido>-cobalt(II),
            Hexakis<h1,h2-(1,5-ditolyl-1,4-pentaazadienido)(m2-methoxy)cobalt(II)>,
            Synthesis, Crystal Structure
 CNR:
            5835191

 Author:
            Paillard, C.; Youssefi, S.; Alaiteh, H.; Charpentier, N.; Dupre, G.
 Reference:
            Journal, JCPBAN, J.Chim.Phys.Phys.Chim.Biol., FR, 84, 1, 1987,
            41-48
 Title:
            LA DECOMPOSITION EXPLOSIVE DU BIOXIDE DE CHLORE
 Abstract:
            The pyrolysis of chlorine dioxide has been studied by using the shock
            tube method.The self ignition delays ti independent of wall effect, have
            been measured over a large range of pressure P (8-250 kPa),
            temperature T (500-2000 K) and dilution by argon (0-99.5 percent).A
            relation has been established between ti, P, T and ClO2 molar fraction
            c : logti(s) = 3475/T (K) - 0.92 log c*P (Pa)/T (K) - 5.80.The results are
            compared with those obtained by using a static reactor wherein wall
            effects are important.The mechanism of the explosive decomposition
            of chlorine dioxide is discussed.
 CNR:
            5859395

 Author:
            Ree, Francis H.
 Reference:
            Journal, JCPSA6, J.Chem.Phys., EN, 84, 10, 1986, 5845-5856
 Title:
            Supercritical fluid phase separations: Implications for detonation
            properties of condensed explosives
 Abstract:
            High explosive experiments offer the most extensive data on mixtures
            at high pressures ( <*> 10 GPa =100 kbar) and high temperatures ( <*>
            1000 K).We have computed the detonation properties of two
            explosives, PBX-9404 ( C1.4 H2.75 N2.57 O2.69 Cl.0.03 P0.01 ) and
            PETN (C5H8N4O12), using reliable statistical mechanical theories
            and realistic intermolecular potentials.The composition of the chemical
            species is determined by minimizing the Gibbs free energy.The
            calculation shows that the detonation products of explosives
            containing C, H, N, and O atoms can separate into N2-rich and
            N2-poor fluid phases and that this gas-gas phase separation can affect
            detonation properties at some pressures and temperatures.Since N2,
            CO2, and H2O molecules are major detonation products, we made a
            separate study on binary ( N2 H2O, CO2-H2O, N2-CO2 ) and ternary (
            N2-CO2-H2O ) mixtures.The results of this study show that the
            N2-H2O system may exhibit a fluid phase separation at pressures and
            temperatures relevant to a detonation environment.The predicted
            phase separation boundary is sensitive to the N2-H2O interaction and
            to the addition of CO2 molecules.We suggest static and dynamic
            experiments on N2-H2O mixtures that should reveal whether the
            predicted fluid phase separation occurs and that will help us refine the
            N2-H2O interaction potential.
 CNR:
            5988197

 Author:
            Klaeboe, P.; Nielsen, C. J.; Priebe, H.; Schei, S. H.; Sjogren, C. E.
 Reference:
            Journal, JMOSB4, J.Mol.Struct., EN, 141, 1986, 161-172
 Title:
            THE VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND
            CONFORMATIONS OF ORGANIC AZIDES. I. A SURVEY
 Abstract:
            A number of organic monoazides (R-N3) have been synthesized in
            which R is: (1) a saturated group, CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7; (2) an olefinic
            group, allyl, butadiene; (3) an acetylenic group, N<*>C-CH2,
            H-C<*>C-CH2, CH3-C<*>C-CH2.Two additional unsaturated diazides
            (CH2=C(N3)-C(N3)=CH2 and N3-CH2-C<*>C-CH2-N3) were
            prepared.The compounds (most of them very explosive) were studied
            by IR and Raman spectroscopy in the liquid, in solution and in the
            solid state, and by matrix isolation technique in IR.The spectra were
            interpreted in terms of one or in some cases two or more conformers
            and assigned with the aid of normal coordinate analysis.UV photolysis
            experiments in nitrogen matrices at 12 K were carried out and the
            reactions monitored by FTIR.The intermediate products could in some
            cases be identified as imines.Six of the azides were investigated by
            gaseous electron diffraction and the molecular structures
            established.The azide group was situated gauche to the hydrocarbon
            skeleton in N<*>C-CH2N3, H-C<*>C-CH2N3 and
            CH3-C<*>C-CH2N3.In the butadienes CH2-C(N3)-CH=CH2 and
            CH2=C(N3)-C(N3)=CH2 the azide group was syn to the adjacent C=C
            bond, while in H2C=CH-CH2N3 at least two conformers were
            detected.Model calculations on the smaller azides by ab initio quantum
            chemical methods were used to establish trends in the geometry and
            force fields of the azide group.
 CNR:
            5784118

 Author:
            Nielsen, C. J.; Klaeboe, P.; Priebe, H.; Schei, S. H.
 Reference:
            Journal, JMOSB4, J.Mol.Struct., EN, 147, 1986, 217-230
 Title:
            THE VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND
            CONFORMATION OF ORGANIC AZIDES. Part III.
            2,3-Diazido-1,3-butadiene
 Abstract:
            A sample of 2,3-diazido-1,3-butadiene has been synthesized from
            1,4-dibromo-2-butyne and tetramethylguanidinium azide.The highly
            explosive sample has been studied by gaseous electron diffraction
            and by IR spectroscopy.Only incomplete Raman spectra have been
            recorded due to sample decomposition in the laser beam.The title
            compound is found to be planar with the CNN angle equal to 114,5
            deg, oriented syn to the adjacent C=C double bond; the NNN angle is
            ca. 167 deg, oriented anti to the C-N bond.The following bond
            distances (ra) are obtained: N-N(N), 114.1; N-N(C), 124.2; C-N, 143.2;
            C=C, 134.8; and C-C, 148.5 pm.The vibrational spectra are tentatively
            assigned in terms of C2h molecular symmetry, supported by force
            constant calculations.
 CNR:
            5820676

 Author:
            Schei, S. H.; Priebe, H.; Nielsen, C. J.; Klaeboe, P.
 Reference:
            Journal, JMOSB4, J.Mol.Struct., EN, 147, 1986, 203-216
 Title:
            THE VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND
            CONFORMATION OF ORGANIC AZIDES. Part II.
            2-Azido-1,3-butadiene
 Abstract:
            A sample of 2-azido-1,3-butadiene was synthesized from
            4-bromo-1,2-butadiene and tetramethylguanidinium azide.Although the
            sample is highly explosive, we suceeded in making a structure
            determination by gaseous electron diffraction.IR spectra of the vapour,
            of the matrix isolated species in argon at 15 K, and of an amorphous
            and crystalline solid at 90 K were recorded.A Raman spectrum of the
            liquid, including semiquantitative polarization data, was obtained at
            240 K.The title compound was found to be planar with the CNN angle
            117 deg oriented syn to the adjacent C=C double bond, the NNN angle
            was ca. 177 deg oriented anti to the C-N bond.The following bond
            distances (ra) were obtained: N-N(N), 114.3; N-N(C), 125.3; C-N,
            143.4; C=C, 135.0; and C-C, 146.7 pm.No additional conformers were
            observed in the vapour, liquid, amorphous or crystalline states.
 CNR:
            5820990

 Author:
            Brower, K. R.
 Reference:
            Journal, JFLCAR, J.Fluorine Chem., EN, 31, 1986, 333-350
 Title:
            EXPLOSIVE REACTIONS OF LIQUID MIXTURES OF CHLORINE
            TRIFLUORIDE WITH HYDROCARBONS AND HALOCARBONS
 Abstract:
            Combinations of liquid ClF3 with several hydrocarbons and
            halocarbons have been caused to explode by sudden mixing at
            various temperatures from 25 degC downward.The mixtures
            occasionally detonate.By fast recording of pressure, flame ionization,
            and carbon deposition it is found that mixtures derived from all of the
            fuels tested except perfluorohexane initiate in less than 1 ms at all
            temperatures down -70 degC.An ionic mechanism is
            proposed.Analysis of the explosion gases indicates that all chemical
            bonds including C-H are labilized owing to the extremely high
            temperature.Calorimetric measurements agree with calculated heats
            of explosion.
 CNR:
            5860009

 Author:
            Stahl, Karlheinz; El-Kholi, Aida; Mueller, Ulrich; Dehnicke, Mueller
 Reference:
            Journal, JORCAI, J.Organomet.Chem., GE, 316, 1986, 95-104
 Title:
            DIBROMACETYLEN-KOMPLEXE VON WOLFRAM(IV). DIE
            KRISTALLSTRUKTUR VON PPh4<WBr5(BrC*CBr)>*0.5CCl4
 Abstract:
            <WCl4(BrC*CBr)>2 (1) is formed as a mouisture-sensitive brown
            crystalline powder by the reaction of BrC*CBr with tungsten
            hexachloride in boiling CCl4 with C2Cl4 present as the reducing
            agent.Complex 1 reacts with PPh4Cl in CH2Cl2/CCl4 to form the
            chloro complex PPh4<WCl5(BrC*CBr)>*0.5CCl4 (2), which reacts with
            trimethylsilylbromide forming the bromo complex
            PPh4<WBr5(BrC*CBr)*0.5CCl4 (3).Compounds 1-3 are not explosive,
            neither by thermal nor by mechanical stress.They are characterized by
            their IR spectra.In all cases, the dibromo acetylene ligand is
            coordinated side-on to the tungsten atom, in the manner of a
            metallacyclopropene.The crystal structure of 3 was determined by
            X-ray diffraction (1134 observed, independent reflexions, R =
            0.105).Crystal data: a 1720.2, b 1717.9, c 2284.0 pm, orthorhombic,
            space group Pbca, Z = 8.The compound consists of PPh4+ and
            <WBr5(C2Br2)>- ions and of CCl4 molecules which are
            disordered.Bicause of the side-on coordination of the C2Br2 ligand, the
            tungsten atom attains a coordination number of seven.The C2Br2
            group exerts a strong trans influence, the trans-W-Br bond being 10 pm
            longer than the remaining WBr bonds (250 pm).
 CNR:
            5912424

 Author:
            Rogers, J. W.; Peebles, H. C.; Rye, R. R.; Houston, J. E.; Binkley, J.
            Stephen
 Reference:
            Journal, JCPSA6, J.Chem.Phys., EN, 80, 9, 1984, 4513-4520
 Title:
            A carbon Auger line shape study of nitroaromatic explosives
 Abstract:
            The C(KVV) Auger line shapes of a series of nitroaromatic explosives
            have been compared to condensed benzene.Energy shifts of the pi
            levels in TNB ( 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene) and TNT (2,4,6- trinitrotoluene)
            and charge redistribution caused by the resonance electron
            withdrawing effect of the nitro groups lead to changes in the Auger line
            shape of transitions involving these levels compared to those of
            benzene.In MATB (1-amino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), DATB (1,3-diamino-
            2,4,6-trinitrobenzene); and TATB ( 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene),
            the amino groups form resonant structures with the aromatic ring and
            donate charge density into the ring pi levels.This more than
            compensates for the charge density withdrawn by the nitro groups.As a
            result, an amino-carbon pi level is populated which leads to dramatic
            changes in the energy and intensity of the leading edge of the C(KVV)
            line shape for these compounds.Hole-hole correlation in the final state
            causes only small changes in line shape.The relative explosive shock
            initiation sensitivity of TNB and TNT, where the intermolecular bonding
            is weak, correlates with the observed Auger line shape changes and
            reflects the relative ring stability of these aromatic molecules.However,
            the addition of amino groups in MATB, DATB, and TATB decreases
            the ring bonding, as reflected in the Auger spectra, in favor of intra- and
            intermolecular hydrogen bond formation and the initiation sensitivity no
            longer correlates with ring bonding strength.
 CNR:
            5982204

 Author:
            Sheffield, S. A.; Bloomquist, D. D.; Tarver, C. M.
 Reference:
            Journal, JCPSA6, J.Chem.Phys., EN, 80, 8, 1984, 3831-3844
 Title:
            Subnanosecond measurements of detonation fronts in solid high
            explosives
 Abstract:
            Detonation fronts in solid high explosives have been examined
            through measurements of particle velocity histories resulting from the
            interaction of a detonation wave with a thin metal foil backed by a
            water window.Using a high time resolution velocity-interferometer
            system, experiments were conducted on three explosives-a TATB
            (1,3,5-triamino-trinitrobenzene)-based explosive called PBX-9502,
            TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene), and CP (2-( 5-cyanotetrazolato)
            pentaamminecobalt(III)perchlorate).In all cases, detonation-front rise
            times were found to be less than the 300 ps resolution of the
            interferometer system.The thermodynamic state in the front of the
            detonation wave was estimated to be near the unreacted state
            determined from an extrapolation of low-pressure unreacted Hugoniot
            data for both TNT and PBX-9502 explosives.Computer calculations
            based on an ignition and growth model of a Zeldovich-von Neumann-
            Doering (ZND) detonation wave show good agreement with the
            measurements.By using the unreacted Hugoniot and a JWL equation
            of state for the reaction products, we estimated the initial reaction rate
            in the high explosive after the detonation wave front interacted with the
            foil to be 40 ms-1 for CP, 60 ms-1 for TNT, and 80 ms-1 for PBX-9502.The
            shape of the profiles indicates the reaction rate decreases as reaction
            proceeds.
 CNR:
            5987317

 Author:
            Stevenson, Gerald R.; Peterson, Richard A.
 Reference:
            Journal, JOCEAH, J.Org.Chem., EN, 49, 18, 1984, 3443-3444
 Title:
            Stable and Explosive Alkali Metal-Anion Radical-Ammonia
            Complexes
 Abstract:
            Solid crystalline Rb and Cs salts with the composition
            M+2(NH3)(naphthalene-.)2 have been generated and are found to hold
            the ammonia molecule endothermically, and similar salts involving
            alkaline earth metals or alkali metals with other anion radicals
            detonate upon crystallization due to the exothermic release of
            ammonia.
 CNR:
            5575382

 Author:
            Mohan, V. Krishna; Tang, Tong B.
 Reference:
            Journal, JCPSA6, J.Chem.Phys., EN, 79, 9, 1983, 4271-4278
 Title:
            Slow and explosive decompositions of thermally unstable solids: A
            study with time-resolved mass spectrometry
 Abstract:
            This paper reports an investigation of the slow decomposition and
            explosion of solid energetic materials using continuously recorded
            time-resolved mass spectrometry.Five compounds in powder form
            have been examined, namely dilead 5,5'-azobis tetrazolate
            dihydroxide (LAT), 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-benzenediol, lead salt (or "lead
            styphnate" LS), 2-azido-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (or "picryl azide" PA), and
            two arylidene tetrazol-5-yl hydrazones (TzTNB).A quadrupole
            instrument interfaced with a video-recording system was used to
            obtain spectra scanned at 0.3 ms per amu.Ionization voltages selected
            were 70 V and 14-18 V to minimize fragmentation.Steady
            decomposition as well as intermittent explosions of individual particles
            have been studied.During both kinds of events stable and unstable
            intermediates were found.Among the unstable species some could not
            be detected during explosions, a phenomenon attributed either to their
            comparatively short lifetimes or differences between explosion and
            decomposition routes for certain compounds.Of those that could be
            recorded the one with the highest mass was C6H2NO (m/e = 104)
            originating from TzTNB.There were, in addition, species that appeared
            only during explosion, e.g., N4C-N from LAT.The spectrometric results
            enabled us to construct reaction schemes which reflect structural
            similarities of the parent molecules.A notable example concerns the
            tetrazole (CN4) moiety, present in both the decomposition and
            explosion of LAT and TzTNB.Generally, for a given compound, these
            two types of events share the same mechanism, but with LS a different
            pathway predominates in each process.The breakdown sequences for
            decomposition have been confirmed by parallel experiments carried
            out in a conventional magnetic mass spectrometer, but those for
            explosion could only be deduced from time-resolved data.
 CNR:
            5991944

 Author:
            Norris, William P.; Spear, Robert J.; Read, Roger W.
 Reference:
            Journal, AJCHAS, Aust.J.Chem., EN, 36, 2, 1983, 297-309
 Title:
            Explosive Meisenheimer Complexes Formed by Addition of
            Nucleophilic Reagents to 4,6-Dinitrobenzofurazan 1-Oxide
 Abstract:
            The reaction between 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan 1-oxide (1) and a
            number of nucleophilic oxygen and nitrogen reagents has been
            studied.The exceptional electrophilic power of (1) leads to formation of
            1:1 Meisenheimer complexes as the general reaction
            observed.Ammonia and hydrazine also form bis-adducts in the
            presence of excess (1).All the adducts were isolated as stable, but
            highly explosive, crystalline solids, and have been characterized by
            microanalysis and spectroscopy.The adducts from N3- and I- have
            been observed spectroscopically but not isolated.The monomethoxy
            adduct (8) undergoes a novel internal oxidation-reduction to form a
            gem-dimethoxybenzofurazan complex (6).
 CNR:
            5774200

 Author:
            Burger, Ulrich; Bianco, Bernard
 Reference:
            Journal, HCACAV, Helv.Chim.Acta, GE, 66, 1, 1983, 60-67
 Title:
            Formation of a Highly Explosive Valence Isomer of Indene from
            Dilithiopentalene and Chlorocarbene
 Abstract:
            The principal product of the reaction of dilithiopentalene (3) with
            methyllithium and methylene chloride is shown by difference-FT-NMR.
            spectroscopy to be tetracyclo<4.3.0.03,5.04,6>nona-1,7-diene (8).This
            laterally bridged benzvalene derivative explodes violently at
            temperatures as low as -40 deg when concentrated.Controlled
            rearrangement in diluted solution gives indene (4).The key step in the
            formation of the tetracyclic C9H8-compound 8 is suggested to be an
            intramolecular 1,4-carbene addition.
 CNR:
            5784604

 Author:
            Read, Roger W.; Spear, Robert J.; Norris, William P.
 Reference:
            Journal, AJCHAS, Aust.J.Chem., EN, 36, 6, 1983, 1227-1237
 Title:
            Synthesis of 4,6-Dinitrobenzofurazan, a New Electron-Deficient
            Aromatic
 Abstract:
            Preparation of 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan (6) has been investigated by a
            number of routes.Its synthesis from 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan
            (4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan 1-oxide) (1) by reduction with
            triphenylphosphine proceeds in similar overall yield to the known
            method of nitration of 5-nitrobenzofurazan (8) but in fewer
            steps.Nitration of 4-nitrobenzofurazan (7) was studied as an alternative
            route, and the difference in reactivity between (7) and (8) is
            discussed.The benzofurazan (6) readily forms hydroxy and methoxy
            Meisenheimer complexes which have been isolated as stable, but
            highly explosive, potassium salts.
 CNR:
            5805131

 Author:
            Plescia, Salvatore; Daidone, Giuseppe; Sprio, Vincenzo
 Reference:
            Journal, JHTCAD, J.Heterocycl.Chem., EN, 19, 1982, 1385-1387
 Title:
            Studies on the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Part IX. Action
            of N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethylacetal on Some
            Oximino-b-dicarbonyl Compounds
 Abstract:
            3-Oximino-2,4-pentanedione (1) and ethyl 2-oximino-3-oxobutanoate
            (6) reacted with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DFDA) to give
            1,7-bisdimethylamino-3,5-dioxo-4-methoximinohepta-1,6-diene (4)
            and ethyl 5-dimethylamino-2-methoximino-3-oxo-4-pentenoate (8),
            respectively.When compounds 4 and 8 were treated with hydrazine
            hydrate, they gave O-methyldipyrazol-3(5)-ylketoxime (5) and ethyl
            2-methoximino-3(5)-pyrazolylethanoate (9) together with its
            corresponding hydrazide 10, respectively.Upon action of DFDA on
            3-oximino-2,4-pentanedione (1) at -20 deg an explosive crystalline
            product was obtained.On the other hand, the reaction of
            3-acetoximino-2,4-pentanedione (11) with DFDA at -20 deg afforded a
            product which in ethanol solution, spontaneously deacetylated to give
            1-dimethylamino-3,5-dioxo-4-oximinohexa-1-ene (13).The structures
            of all the new compounds were assigned on the basis of satisfactory
            analytical and spectroscopic data.
 CNR:
            5566722

 Author:
            Kennett, Frances A.; MacLean, Gregory K.; Passmore, Jack; Rao, M.
            N. Sudheendra
 Reference:
            Journal, JCDTBI, J.Chem.Soc.Dalton Trans., EN, 1982, 851-858
 Title:
            Chemical Syntheses of Poly(sulphur nitride), (SN)x
 Abstract:
            Poly(sulphur nitride) is prepared in ca. 65percent yield by the reaction
            of excess of SiMe3N3 with S3N3Cl3, S3N2Cl2, or S3N2Cl at -15 deg
            C in acetonitrile solution.The polymer was also prepared by the
            reaction of S3N3Cl3 and excess of NaN3.The preparation of (SN)x
            from S3N3Cl3 is dependent on solvent and reaction
            conditions.Reaction of S2Cl2 with NaN3 in acetonitrile gave a powder
            containing S3N2Cl, S8, NaCl, and unreacted NaN3, which when
            treated with an excess of SiMe3N3 in acetonitrile yielded (SN)x.The
            (SN)x polymer was also formed by the reaction of CsN3 and S2NAsF6
            in SO2 at -20 deg C.Better quality polymer was prepared from
            S3N3Cl3, S3N2Cl2, or S3N2Cl with excess of SiMe3N3, after washing
            with various solvents.Analogous reactions of Se2Cl2 and SeBr4 gave
            blue-black explosive solids.
 CNR:
            5613174

 Author:
            Spear, Robert J.; Elischer, Paul P.
 Reference:
            Journal, AJCHAS, Aust.J.Chem., EN, 35, 1, 1982, 1-13
 Title:
            Studies of Stab Initiation. Sensitization of Lead Azide by Energetic
            Sensitizers
 Abstract:
            A series of 17 compounds which ignite and explode upon heating have
            been synthesizwd.Ignition temperatures range from 122 deg C to 261
            deg C.The ability of these compounds to sensitize the primary
            explosive lead azide to stab initiation has been determined on 1:10
            admixtures.The general trend observed was that stab initiation
            energies increase with sensitizer ignition temperature but the overall
            correlation is poor.An assessment of the dependence of the ratio of
            sensitizer to lead azide on stab initiation energies is also included for
            two of the compounds.The results are interpreted in terms of possible
            mechanisms for the initiation process and support the hypothesis that
            frictional processes are of primary importance
 CNR:
            5639242

 Author:
            Cook, R. Edward; Robinson, Peter J.
 Reference:
            Journal, JRMPDM, J.Chem.Res.Miniprint, EN, 10, 1982, 2772-2783
 Title:
            Explosive Hazards Involving Metal Perchlorates
 Abstract:
            A violent explosion occurred in an Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at
            Manchester Polytechnic, when cobalt(II) perchlorate which had been
            prepared by an apparently routine method was being tapped to break
            up a cake of the solid.Subsequent investigations indicate that the
            accident was probably caused by heating the solid hexaaquo
            compound to a temperature at which partial loss of water of
            cristallisation occurred, with formation of an unstable lower
            hydrate.Caution is urged in the handling of all metal perchlorates to
            avoid what may well be a widespread hazard.
 CNR:
            5950829

 Author:
            Schweda, Eberhard; Straehle, Joachim
 Reference:
            Journal, ZNBAD2, Z.Naturforsch.B Anorg.Chem.Org.Chem., GE, 36, 6,
            1981, 662-665
 Title:
            Nitrido Azido Complexes of Molybdenum(VI) Synthesis and Crystal
            Structure of MoN(N3)3(NC5H5)
 Abstract:
            The explosive nitrido azido complexes MoN(N3)Cl2*py and
            MoN(N3)3py are prepared by the reaction of MoCl4(py)2 with
            (CH3)3SiN3 in 1,2-dichloroethane.Both compounds hydrolyze quickly
            in moist air.After separation of the insoluble, black MoN(N3)Cl2*py
            from the solution of MoN(N3)3py, the latter can be obtained in form of
            monoclinic, red crystals of the space group C2/c.Its structure consists
            of monomeric complexes, wherein the Mo atom has a square
            pyramidal coordination.The nitrido ligand occupies the apex and forms
            a strong multiple bond of 163.4 pm to the Mo atom. s-Bo nds of
            different strength exist between the Mo atom and the basal ligands:
            Mo-N3 = 204.3 pm; Mo-py = 225.8 pm.The a-N atoms of the azido
            groups are the sp2 hybridized, with their lone pair pointing away from
            the nitrido ligand.The pyridine ligand forms an angle of 61.6 deg to the
            basal plane of the coordination polyhedron. - Key words: Synthesis,
            Crystal Structure, Molybdenum Nitrido Azido Complexes
 CNR:
            5769386

 Author:
            Wetterholm, Allan
 Reference:
            Journal, PJCHDQ, Pol.J.Chem., EN, 55, 6, 1981, 1445-1457
 Title:
            THE FIRST COMMERCIAL WATER GEL EXPLOSIVES
 Abstract:
            Water gel based explosives for commercial use is a fairly recent
            invention, first introduced in the market in the later half of the
            1950'ties.The article recalls the circumstances which led to the idea to
            use a water gel to transform a high velocity solid explosive to plastic
            form.The properties of this high density, cap sensitive, oxygen
            balanced explosive, called Securit on account of its unique safety
            characteristics, are referred to and compared with normal ammonia
            gelatines and powders.The differences between Securit and other
            types of water gel based explosives are shortly discussed.
 CNR:
            5774477

 Author:
            Leddy, Bernard P.; McKervey, M.Antony; McSweeney, Peter
 Reference:
            Journal, TELEAY, Tetrahedron Lett., EN, 21, 1980, 2261-2264
 Title:
            SOME COMMENTS ON THE THERMAL STABILITY OF
            SUBSTITUTED AMMONIUM, PHOSPHONIUM, AND ARSONIUM
            PERMANGANATES AND THEIR USE IN ALKANE OXIDATION
 Abstract:
            Tetraethyl- and tetrabutylammonium permanganate are less prone to
            explosive decomposition when heated than are
            benzyl(triethyl)ammonium and methyl(triphenyl)phosphonium
            permanganate and are about equally effective as oxidants for the
            conversion of alkanes into alcohol and ketones.
 CNR:
            5553712

 Author:
            Lafleur, Arthur L.; Morriseau, Brian D.
 Reference:
            Journal, ANCHAM, Anal.Chem., EN, 52, 8, 1980, 1313-1318
 Title:
            IDENTIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES AT TRACE LEVELS BY HIGH
            PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH A
            NITROSYL-SPECIFIC DETECTOR
 Abstract:
            A method is presented for the identification and determination of
            explosives and other related compounds possessing thermally labile
            nitro or nitroxy groups.It involves the use of high performance liquid
            chromatography (HPLC) with a nitrosyl-specific detector (TEA
            Analyzer).Results are presented for EGDN (ethanediol dinitrate), NG
            (glycerol trinitrate), PETN
            (2,2-bis(nitroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol-1,3-dinitrate), Petrin
            (2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol-1,3-dinitrate),
            PEDN (2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol-1,3-dinitrate), RDX
            (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine), NGu (1-nitroquanidine) and HMX
            (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine).Callibration curves
            covering a concentration range of three orders of magnitude are
            presented for RDX and PETN.The 90percent confidence interval for
            quantification of RDX is +/-1.6percent at the 4-ng level and that for
            PETN is +/-3.2percent at the 6-ng level.Retention behavior with silica
            and NH2-bonded phase HPLC columns is presented.Use of retention
            times on the two different columns coupled with a response on the
            nitrosyl-specific detector serves as a convenient method for
            identification.Although standard explosive preparations were analyzed
            at nanogram levels without purification, no interferences were
            presented by ancillary components such as plasticizers and stabilizers.
 CNR:
            5563597

 Author:
            Roesky, Herbert W.; Graf, Cornelia; Rao, M. N. Sudheendra
 Reference:
            Journal, CHBEAM, Chem.Ber., GE, 113, 12, 1980, 3815-3820
 Title:
            Covalent Compounds of Tetrasulfur Pentanitride
 Abstract:
            The reaction of S4N5Cl (1) with silylated sulfodiimides or a substituted
            urea in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 leads to covalent derivatives 2a - e.The
            reaction of 2a has been studied under different conditions.In a molar
            ratio of 2 : 1, 3a and b were obtained, extremely explosive compounds
            with two S4N5 cages bridged by sulfodiimide group.
 CNR:
            5684911

 Author:
            Schweda, Eberhard; Straehle, Joachim
 Reference:
            Journal, ZNBAD2, Z.Naturforsch.B Anorg.Chem.Org.Chem., GE, 35, 9,
            1980, 1146-1149
 Title:
            Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Triazido Nitrido Bipyridyle
            Complex of Molybdenum(VI): MoN(N3)3(bipy)
 Abstract:
            The reaction of MoCl4(bipy) with an excess of (CH3)3SiN3 in
            1,2-dichloroethane results in the formation of a mixture of
            Mo(N(N3)3(bipy) and Mo(N2)Cl2(bipy).The latter is an insoluble,
            brownish compound of yet unknown structure.Mo(N(N3)3(bipy) is very
            soluble in 1,2-dichloroethane, and easily hydrolysed.It can be
            crystallized from toluene in the form of explosive, red crystals of the
            space group P21/n.The crystal structure is built up by monomeric
            complexes, in which the Mo atom has a distorted sixfold
            coordination.The three azido groups are located cis to the nitrido
            ligand, with their free electron pair at the a-N-atom pointing away from
            the closely neighbouring nitrido ligand.The bipyridine forms two bonds
            of quite different length (224.0 and 241.9 pm) with the Mo atom, as
            trans to the triply bounded nitrido ligand (Mo<*>N = 164.2 pm) only a
            weak interaction is possible. - Key words: Synthesis, Crystal Structure,
            Molybdenum Nitrido Triazide
 CNR:
            5770267

 Author:
            Mueller, Ulrich; Schmock, Fritjof
 Reference:
            Journal, ZNBAD2, Z.Naturforsch.B Anorg.Chem.Org.Chem., GE, 35,
            12, 1980, 1529-1532
 Title:
            Triazido-trichloro-cyclotriphosphazene (NPClN3)3 and a New
            Synthesis for <Cl3PNPCl3>Cl
 Abstract:
            The reaction of PCl3 with ClN3 at -78 deg C probably yields the
            extremely explosive PCl4N3; at higher temperatures (-10, 20 deg C)
            <Cl3PNPCl3>Cl is formed.From PPh4<I(N3)2> and PCl3 the
            cyclophosphazene (NPClN3)3 was obtained, probably via the
            intermediate PCl(N3)2. (NPClN3)3 consists of a mixture of the syn and
            anti isomers and was characterized by its 31P NMR, IR and Raman
            spectra. - Keywords: Triazido-trichloro-cyclotriphosphazene,
            Hexachlorodiphosphazonium Chloride
 CNR:
            5771299

 Author:
            Bernard, Michel-Louis
 Reference:
            Journal, JCPBAN, J.Chim.Phys.Phys.Chim.Biol., FR, 77, 3, 1980,
            243-246
 Title:
            CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DES PROPRIETES DES MOLECULES
            D'EXPLOSIF DANS L'ETAT ACTIVE
 Abstract:
            Application of absolute rate reaction theory to the decomposition of
            condensed explosives in the detonation regime gives, according to the
            author, the ideal detonastion verlocity, if the density of the activated
            complex of molecules ahead of front of detonation is
            known.Conversely, the knowlege of the (experimental) ideal
            detonation velocity allows to calculate this density, that is the mean
            volume of the activated complex. Application of the additivity rules of
            molar volumes for liquids gives atomic molecular group volumes for
            the explosive and its activated complex. The main results of the
            present astudy on nitric ester explosives are summarized as follows:
            -the volume of the activated complex obey to the additivity rules as do
            the explosives in the liquid state, -only explosophore groups are
            compressed ahead of the shock front, as a result of activation of
            explosive molecules, -all the other atoms of group keep the same
            volume, as in the normal liquid state, and the volume increments are
            very close to the values given in the litterature at room temperature.
 CNR:
            5919569
