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Chemistry and Chemists № 2 2026 Journal of Chemists-Enthusiasts |
Determining Moisture Content in Hexamine - pt.1, 2 Chemist |
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Problem Statement. What are the Methods for Determining Moisture? - Part 1
A colleague and I were sitting in the laboratory, drinking tea. Why were we drinking tea in a chemistry laboratory, even though safety regulations prohibit it? Because there is no other room at the institute for this purpose, and there won't be one. The alternative is to go hungry all day.
Определение содержания влаги в гексамине Постановка задачи. Какие бывают методы определения влаги? - Часть 1 Another employee arrived and joined us. In the middle of our tea break, the director called. He apologized for disturbing me during my lunch break and asked us to come to the meeting room. It turned out that he had clients. I did not know what the clients needed beforehand - I did not have even the slightest idea. Our institute used to work on uranium ores and meteorites. But nowadays, institutes of the Academy of Sciences take on almost any topic - from intercontinental ballistic missiles to diaper production technology or plans for conquering the galaxy - as long as they get paid for it. The reason for this state of affairs is simple: the budget funding allocated for state projects isn't even enough to cover the staff's salaries. During our discussion with the customers, it turned out that they needed to determine the moisture content of hexamine samples. Hexamine (urotropine, hexamethylenetetramine, methenamine) has a wide variety of applications, ranging from plastics and explosives production to pharmaceuticals. I asked what this hexamine would be used for. It turned out that the customers didn't know - they sell chemical products but do not manufacture or use them. One of their customers wanted to know the actual moisture content of hexamethylenetetramine. Question: Can I determine the moisture content of hexamine? I replied that I had previously determined the moisture content of various substances and materials, but never in hexamine. Therefore, I could probably perform the necessary analysis, but I couldn't guarantee a positive result in advance. We agreed that I would review the relevant literature, and in the meantime, the customers would bring a hexamine sample. What are the different methods for moisture determination? There are many, so I'll mention only a few. The classic method for determining the water content of a sample is the gravimetric method, also known as the drying method. The sample is heated to a specified temperature and held at that temperature until it ceases to lose weight. The water evaporates, leaving only the dry substance. By weighing the sample before and after heating, the weight loss is determined, and the water content is calculated. If the sample contains only hygroscopic moisture (water that is not chemically bound), heating at 100-105°C for one hour is usually sufficient. If chemically bound water is present, heating at a temperature that ensures its removal is required. This method is simple and fairly accurate and is often used as a reference method. Of course, the gravimetric method has its drawbacks and limitations. First of all, the analysis is time-consuming. First, the crucibles or weighing bottles must be heated under the same conditions as the analyzed sample. Then they must be cooled in a desiccator for at least an hour and subsequently weighed. Only after that can the analyzed sample be weighed into the crucibles. Then the sample has to be heated for an hour in a drying cabinet and cooled for another hour in a desiccator before being weighed. The analysis takes about half a workday. There are also automatic moisture analyzers that combine sample weighing, drying, and calculation of the analytical results. I've seen such devices in another laboratory, but I've never used one myself. In any case, our institute doesn't have an automatic moisture analyzer.
2NaHCO3 = Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 A temperature of only 50-60°C is sufficient for the reaction to begin. In this case, the mass loss upon heating corresponds to the total water and carbon dioxide content of the sample. In such cases, drying under vacuum at room or low temperatures is used, but this is not always effective. Furthermore, the main substance whose moisture content is being determined may itself be volatile. There are also physical methods for determining the water content of solid samples, particularly electrical methods and infrared spectroscopy. In the first case, the sample's electrical resistance or capacitance, which depend on its water content, are measured. The measurements are quick and require little operator training, but the accuracy and reliability of this method are often insufficient. In the case of absorption infrared spectroscopy, specific absorption bands corresponding to the vibrations of water molecules are measured. Besides the gravimetric method, there are other chemical methods for determining water content in samples. One of them is the codistillation of water with an organic solvent. Some organic solvents that are immiscible with water form azeotropic mixtures with it. Common examples are toluene and xylene. The mixture of solvent vapor and water vapor is distilled and condensed. The distillate flows into a graduated vessel, which is used to determine the volume of the distilled water. Another method is Karl Fischer titration, which is used to analyze samples with low water content. A solution of sulfur dioxide in dry pyridine is added to the sample being tested and titrated with a solution of iodine in dry methanol. Iodine and sulfur dioxide reacts with water, and the brown color of the iodine solution disappears as the iodine is consumed in the reaction. The solution remains colorless as long as water is still present in the sample. Once all the water has reacted, the iodine is no longer consumed. In the absence of water, sulfur dioxide does not react with iodine, so the brown color of the iodine persists. This method enables the accurate determination of trace amounts of water in various samples, including petroleum products, explosives, medications, and food products. However, the Karl Fischer method is quite demanding and requires qualified personnel or expensive equipment. The solutions used for titration must be protected from atmospheric moisture. I looked at regulatory documents describing how moisture in hexamine is determined. It turned out that both the American military standard (MIL) and the old Soviet GOST require the moisture content of hexamine to be determined exclusively by Karl Fischer titration - neither conductometry, nor gravimetry, nor infrared spectroscopy is permitted. I was very interested in performing a Karl Fischer titration, but I didn't want to master the method just to analyze a single sample. Regardless of my desire - or reluctance - to determine water using the Karl Fischer method, I had to face reality. And that reality was that my laboratory at the time resembled an abandoned museum more than a chemist's workplace. All that remained from my predecessors was a dingy room filled with old, mostly inoperable equipment and dirty chemical glassware, with jars of chemical reagents scattered around in disarray. So I decided to test whether the Karl Fischer method could be replaced with gravimetric determination. On the one hand, hexamine sublimes when heated. On the other hand, the sublimation temperature of hexamine is 260°C or higher. If the evaporation of hexamine at 105°C can be neglected, the moisture content of this substance can be determined gravimetrically. Meanwhile, a truck pulled up to the institute's entrance, and the driver unloaded... a 50 kg bag of hexamine. I'd actually asked their manager for a 50 g sample. The manager later explained to me that they were a large wholesale company, so it was easier for them to deliver a bag of hexamine than to sample 50 g of the compound.
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Messy, old chemistry laboratory |
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